tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20108594537497064402024-03-12T20:18:28.794-07:00Roots & Recombinant DNATL Dixon on Ancestry, Anthropology, DNA, Genealogy, Genetics & My RootsTL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.comBlogger47125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-63144710310503443012021-09-16T15:29:00.005-07:002021-09-16T15:29:51.814-07:00A Million Views and counting <p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #454545; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="background-color: white; font-kerning: none;"><b></b></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY6vqGat00Vi7atTrptyz6uCoyA50jJyCyYDFWF7Xyy6Wuv2pFYmgxiCU_3hlcySpMoTT1dNs4xNOTOcsFwv-7VbMPdAAVTXPiRXsq2CJ0wF1mKAK8K-XHlXz1YxmwEWftHZDDzWvxAK4/s1992/Screen+Shot+2021-09-01+at+1.48.08+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="616" data-original-width="1992" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY6vqGat00Vi7atTrptyz6uCoyA50jJyCyYDFWF7Xyy6Wuv2pFYmgxiCU_3hlcySpMoTT1dNs4xNOTOcsFwv-7VbMPdAAVTXPiRXsq2CJ0wF1mKAK8K-XHlXz1YxmwEWftHZDDzWvxAK4/w640-h198/Screen+Shot+2021-09-01+at+1.48.08+PM.png" width="640" /></a></b></div><b><br /></b><b>A</b> <b>Million Milestone</b> — I’m ecstatic to report that my blog, Roots and Recombinant DNA (<a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com"><span class="s3" style="background-color: transparent; font-kerning: none;">www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com</span></a>), has surpassed One Million views! When I started this Genetic Genealogy journey in 2012, I had no idea it would morph into one of the most prolific passions of my life. From helping people understand how DNA works, explaining complex genetic subjects, solving decades-long brick walls or family mysteries, bringing together long-lost family, and meeting my Motherland cousins; to appearing in the James Beard award-winning book, “The Cooking Gene” (by Michael Twitty), “The Lost Family: How DNA Testing is Upending Who We Are” (by Libby Copeland), being quoted in “Science Times” about U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren’s Cherokee ancestry; to being published on International Society of Genetic Genealogists’s resource list and receiving Best Blog accolades, I’m forever humbled. It hasn’t been an easy journey. You’ll be surprised at the racism pervasive in genetic genealogy community, and perhaps the most disappointing — and hurtful — experiences have been the “family” who never cared to build a relationship with me. I realized that I had to disconnect from that sort of toxicity and refocus on all the love and support shown to me thus far. Thank you to all of the amazing people who’ve taught me, encouraged me, learned from me and believed in me. Thank you to all of the family and friends who’ve trusted me with your DNA and had faith in my expertise. I look forward to what the future shall bring, and you should expect more from me soon.<p></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: #454545; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s2" style="background-color: white; font-kerning: none;"><br /></span></p><p class="p3" style="-webkit-text-stroke-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: white; color: #454545; font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="font-kerning: none;"><b><i>[NOTE: Due to personal reasons and a busy work schedule, I’m not taking requests for individualized DNA analysis/research until further notice. In the near future, I will provide instructions for paid and contractual work. Thank you for understanding.]</i></b></span></p>TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-16081835282268433722020-03-24T09:48:00.000-07:002020-03-24T11:30:17.370-07:00MyHeritage offers photo colorization for free <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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GOOD NEWS! MyHeritage is offering a wonderful way to spend your time in social distance and sheltering in place. You can now colorize ALL of your black & white photos for FREE during a limited time. Here's the press release:<br />
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"MyHeritage is offering <b>FREE</b> and unlimited access to <a href="https://ht.t.hubspotemail.net/e2t/c/*W5hG-qR57T5cPW2sNyqZ1W_gk60/*W8l5djs5Fr1b_W8D2KdV4TpH5P0/5/f18dQhb0SbTX8XJ8dWN7jcl8RHyjJqVRJkHl3My7zzW3hHhbJ2P7_nXVcnTGj992gLmW4v7WjX69_jgNW5265rx7nwMJHW5CRhb126nW10W61SSZm7mG7sDW51vX4y6HkpjFW19FDGP3xhJ3cW2-J-SL2z_tPYW41Q2SW6gs8lFW3VKVtL6n8KjWW5ThdHg3s1XjFW51G0Br4ZWMQhVYSX-57m_B1RW5c8d-S377W34VNCyF17njd3dW5bYkLm2xpD7jW1mdRNc3f-2d_W8rv50v6Z4d05W1Jwwmw8xVSXrW6RH2622xWnMpW7y-J4586KvzJN8n0C5cFPDj_W2HbZnY1q5hcQV37cRv41T12pW1wRRsT6-kCRDW5PX0Dr97cK3hW2gxw8t2-YNwsW2pJ7lX2_yZXqVhzVNs75LPf7N8csGDVD2JF5W7355nN5D2JDnW5G1fcf5Fwfg2W5p9d8N5SwfkRN8SC5_v84rVzW6PxM7488TbhtW4rjTVY1ZGdnwW3MKMyg4xcyFgW444Y-V90SS55W2nTCzy4Q-5SVW4HzlZg6MH_2G111">MyHeritage In Color™</a> from <b>March 23 to April 23</b>, so that people everywhere can join in the fun of colorizing their black and white photos. Ordinarily only 10 photos can be colorized by users who do not have a Complete plan, but now, you can colorize as many photos as you’d like for free.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>My high school yearbook photo colorized</i></td></tr>
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"Colorizing photos is the perfect activity for anyone who is isolated at home. We invite everyone to pull out their family photo albums, colorize their photos, and start reminiscing. Over the coming month, anyone who shares their colorized photos on Twitter, Facebook, or Instagram with the hashtag #ColorBeatsCoronavirusBlues and tags @MyHeritage will enter a weekly draw. Each week we’ll select one lucky winner who will receive a free MyHeritage Complete subscription!"<br />
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<li><b><span style="color: red;">King Genome's Tip:</span></b> A small number of you may be worried about what MyHeritage is doing with your precious photos. Are they stockpiling them (pun intended)? Well for those of us with MyHeritage accounts, the photos are stored in our photos archive. However we can download and delete them at any time. Still worried? Then only upload photos you're not so guarded about. </li>
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Do take care, and be safe and sanitized.<br />
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TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-82062475616013532872019-10-20T12:11:00.004-07:002020-10-24T11:16:32.733-07:00Human Reference Genome Will Upgrade<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Source: petridishtalk.com (google images)</td></tr>
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On September 24, 2019, <a href="https://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/nih-awards-295m-two-centers-new-human-genome-reference-program?fbclid=IwAR2GvYsx8vNDl_Qm8ILVgncbAZh-Gy5OurOkEmhYkDeg6-He1evznq8_O-M#.XZEpJedKj-Z">Genomeweb</a> reported that the <a href="https://www.nih.gov/">National Institutes of Health</a> (<a href="https://www.nih.gov/">NIH</a>) awarded $29.5 million to two research centers in the USA and one in Europe for creation of a new human <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_genome">genome reference</a> sequence to "better represent human diversity."<br />
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Approximately $12.5 million over five years will be distributed to <b>Washington University, </b>St. Louis, MO; the <b>University of California</b>, Santa Cruz; and the <b>European Bioinformatics Institute, </b>Cambridge, UK<b>,</b> to form the <b>WashU-UCSC-EBI Human Genome Reference Center</b>. In coordination with the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a> (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/">NCIB</a>), the new center will provide a multi-genome reference sequence or "pan-genome." [You can read the full details <a href="https://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/nih-awards-295m-two-centers-new-human-genome-reference-program?fbclid=IwAR2GvYsx8vNDl_Qm8ILVgncbAZh-Gy5OurOkEmhYkDeg6-He1evznq8_O-M#.XZEpgedKj-Z">here</a>].<br />
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However for my layperson readers, I want to take this opportunity to explain in simple terms what a human reference genome is and why it's important. </div>
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<b>What is a reference genome for humans?</b></div>
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A human reference genome is a library or database of nucleic acid sequences representing a species (here human) set of genes. A human reference genome is created or assembled using the DNA of different donor individuals and therefore do not represent the set of genes of any single person. In other words the human reference genome is stitched together from genes of several individuals. </div>
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Where there are differences in genes [at the same reference location] in the donors—and that are not in human reference genes or regions where their would be high allelic diversity (determines a population's long-term potential for adaptability and persistence; see <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0115203#targetText=Allele%20richness%20(also%20referred%20to,alleles%20per%20locus%20%5B1%5D.&targetText=Allelic%20richness%20measures%20are%20also,number%20of%20alleles%20per%20locus).">Templeton et al</a>)—those additional genes are then annotated alongside the human reference genome. </div>
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<b>What is the human reference genome used for? </b></div>
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The human reference genome ultimately is for sample comparison with single-individual human genomes; to show genomic differences and similarities, as well as to solve biological questions. Some human reference genome applications include:<br />
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<li> use by geneticists and biologists to identify gene mutations and misalignments that cause abnormalities and diseases in humans, which can lead to better treatment, medicines and cures, and to create a better genome; </li>
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<li> use by population geneticists in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome-wide_association_study#targetText=In%20genetics%2C%20a%20genome%2Dwide,is%20associated%20with%20a%20trait.">genome-wide association studies</a> of populations; </li>
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<li>in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleogenomics">palaeogenomic studies</a> of human populations (ie mapping against the human reference genome is used to identify endogenous human sequences in ancient samples);</li>
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<li> use by personal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing#targetText=Whole%20genome%20sequencing%20(also%20known,genome%20at%20a%20single%20time."><b>whole genomic sequence testing</b></a> companies (ie <b><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><a href="https://portal.nebula.org/invite/accept/SEC1shiHT">Nebula Genomics</a>, </span></b><a href="https://www.fullgenomes.com/">Full Genomes Corp</a>, <a href="https://www.yseq.net/">YSeq</a>, </b>and<b> <a href="https://www.dantelabs.com/">Dante Labs</a> </b> to provide customers with the most accurate DNA results for deep genetic ancestry, uniparental inheritance testing and personal health profiling. This is achieved by the company generating our results, usually a <a href="https://software.broadinstitute.org/software/igv/BAM#targetText=A%20BAM%20file%20(.bam),the%20recommended%20format%20for%20IGV.">BAM</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASTQ_format">FASTQ</a> file, and comparing it to the latest human reference genome (known as a "build").</li>
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<b>Why do we need an updated human reference genome?</b></div>
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Sequencing a human reference genome is a very complicated process. Needless to say earlier versions of the human reference genome contained many gaps and problems areas that were complicated to read properly (ie incorrect reads, missing model centromere sequences, lack of alternate loci). The last human reference genome released in December 2013 sought to improve some of these issues.<br />
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More pointedly the prior versions and current human reference genome cater to European populations. At current more than 300 million letters of DNA are missing from the human genome according to <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/11/human-genome-300-million-missing-letters-dna/576481/">The Atlantic</a>, a discovery which came to light after a analysis of 910 people of African descent. This is a travesty because Africa, the cradle of humanity, harbors the most genetic diversity in the world. </div>
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<b>What is the timeline history of the human reference genome and who maintains it?</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">The first reference human genome was assembled by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) in July 2003, and it was updated in 2004 and 2006.</span></div>
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In 2009 the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_Reference_Consortium">Genome Reference Consortium</a> created "an international collective of academic and research institutes with expertise in genome mapping, sequencing, and informatics, formed to improve the representation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_genome">reference genomes</a>," which includes:</div>
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<li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Sanger_Institute">Wellcome Sanger Institute</a> </li>
<li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Genome_Institute">McDonnell Genome Institute</a> at Washington University </li>
<li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Bioinformatics_Institute">European Bioinformatics Institute</a> </li>
<li>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a></li>
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Recent human genome assemblies:</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Recent human genome assemblies chart, Wikipedia.</td></tr>
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Today we are using GRCh38 (Genome Reference Consortium human 38), although some companies and researchers still utilize GRCh37.<br />
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I've had two whole genome sequence tests—one each from <a href="https://www.fullgenomes.com/">Full Genomes Corp</a> and <a href="https://www.dantelabs.com/">Dante Lab</a>s—and both of my results were compared using the the latest human reference genome build GRCh38. Personally I'm hoping a more updated human reference genome(s) will help solve the riddles of human genomic diversity, bring improvements in health, and of course provide more answers contained in my own genome, including my understudied Y-chromosome.<br />
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Thus, a new human reference genome, perhaps several, is long overdue. This is why the <a href="https://www.nih.gov/">National Institutes of Health</a>'s $29.5 million grant will be important to making it a reality. I look forward to all of the new discoveries that will benefit me, you and humanity. </div>
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TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-67023274703083605692018-05-17T06:22:00.000-07:002018-05-18T10:09:21.106-07:00Fine Scaling Genetic Admixture: 23andMe vs AncestryDNA<style type="text/css">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Some genetic genealogists and genealogists</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> pan genetic ancestry or ethnicity admixture estimates. They see them as not useful and wouldn't mind if ethnicity predicting was discontinued. On the other hand, I see genetic ancestry estimates as part of the genealogy cycle of life.<br /><br />I understand that matching to genetic relatives is a natural progression from traditional genealogy methodology and practices, but genetic ancestry estimates are a natural extension of DNA relative matching and both can be used synergistically to achieve optimal results.<br /><br />I'm sure by now you've seen or heard about <a href="http://www.23andme.com/"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a>'s new<b><span style="color: blue;"> Recent Ancestor Locations</span></b> feature added to its Ancestry Composition tool or last year's <a href="http://www.ancestry.com/"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a> <b><span style="color: blue;">Genetic Communities</span></b> included with its Ethnicity Estimates—each touts unprecedented granularity with genetic ancestry estimates and addition of over 100 regions or reference populations.<br /><br />Thus<span style="color: blue;"> <a href="http://www.23andme.com/"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a></span> ($99 US; $199 w/Health) and <a href="http://www.ancestry.com/"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a> ($99 US) have figured out a way to make their ethnicity admixture tools more relevant by "marrying" genetic ancestry to our genetic relatives! Both DNA testing market leaders have been able to achieve this matrimony by "fine-scaling" their respective ethnicity admixture offerings, which I will review for this blog. </span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: #ea9999;">PINK ELEPHANT IN THE ROOM:</span></b> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">On May 11, 2018, 23andMe hit AncestryDNA with a patent infringement and false advertising lawsuit [see <a href="https://www.law360.com/lifesciences/articles/1043063/23andme-hits-ancestry-com-with-patent-suit-over-dna-kit">here</a>]. Based upon the bones of the case my analysis may seem to implicate a party. However it's unintentional as I've been working on this blog prior to the lawsuit. I hope the legal issue is amicably resolved between the parties.</span></li>
</ul>
<a name='more'></a><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">What is fine-scaling?</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Fine-scaling is usually performed by population geneticists for disease mapping studies and study of population structure in humans "to reveal the history of migration and divergence that shaped our species diversity." [see <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X16301113">Novembre et al</a>]<br /><br />In the same manner <a href="http://www.23andme.com/"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a> and <a href="http://www.ancestry.com/"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a> utilize the same approach to fine-scale our genetic or "ethnicity" admixture. Both DNA company's fine-scale offerings are similar in <b>methodology </b>(relying on living people's DNA and genealogy); <b>purpose</b> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">(revealing more about the recent ancestry and ethnic origins we inherited), and</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b> limitations</b>, the latter of which leads to </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">two common misconceptions</b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">: </span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: red;">Your fine-scale results are NOT an Ethnicity Admixture update. </span></b>It is an accretion, addition, amplification, augmentation, enhancement, enrichment, improvement, magnification, modification, rectification, reinforcement of your ethnicity estimates. It is NOT an update. For example, <a href="http://www.23andme.com/"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a> still offers the same <b><span style="color: blue;">31</span></b> global regions, and <a href="http://www.ancestry.com/"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a> still offers the same <b><span style="color: blue;">22</span></b> regions. This is why your admixture percentages have remained roughly the same even with fine-scaling. </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: red;">Your fine-scale results won't necessarily be wrong or inaccurate.</span></b> Fine-scaling as applied to genetic admixture tools involves subjectivity. That is, fine-scaling in part relies on customer-submitted biogeographical and genealogical information so you can't assume your new results are wrong. As a genealogy researchers you should be verifying your DNA relatives's pedigree information anyway. Also you must consider history, culture, migration patterns, and the fact that country borders and the way people self-identify may have changed over time. If you biologically match people from unexpected places, the onus is on you to find out how you connect to them. </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Prototype for Fine-scaling of Genetic Admixture Estimates</span></b></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a></span> </span>was the first to market in July 8, 2010 with a sort of fine-scaling genetic admixture product via its former "<b>Countries of Ancestry</b>" (CoA) tool, which was revolutionary, and ahead of its time. <b>CoA </b>set the basis for the fine-scaling enhancement we're seeing today </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">with </span><a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">'s</span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;"> Recent Ancestor Locations</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> and </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a>'s</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="color: blue;">Genetic Communities</b>.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">However </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">CoA</b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> was never integrated with (or married to) </span><a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">'s Ancestry Composition. According ISOGG Wiki:</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">"<a href="https://isogg.org/wiki/Countries_of_Ancestry">Countries of Ancestry</a> (formerly known as Ancestry Finder) was a feature of the <a href="https://isogg.org/wiki/23andMe">23andMe</a> Personal Genome Service. It was accessed from <a href="https://isogg.org/wiki/Ancestry_Labs">Ancestry Labs</a> on the <a href="https://isogg.org/wiki/23andMe">23andMe</a> user interface. Ancestry Finder Lab utilized the data collected from 23andMe customers in the survey entitled, "Where Are You From?" to chart the birth country of your <a href="https://isogg.org/wiki/Autosomal_DNA">autosomal DNA</a> matches' grandparents. The purpose was to attempt to give an overview of your ethnic origins by exploring those of your matches."</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">and</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">"You have an Ancestry Finder match when you share DNA with another 23andMe customer (ie, you have a Relative Finder match) and that person has completed our Where Are You From? ancestry survey. Here we show an example match on chromosome 20 of length 14.3 centiMorgans; the matched person said that all four of their grandparents were born in Sweden, which corresponds to all four stripes being colored green. You can mouse over the table rows or the segments themselves to explore your matches."</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b> Here is what my Countries of Ancestry looked like:</b></span></div>
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<img border="0" data-original-height="792" data-original-width="883" height="574" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8Xh3sdtQT_bUyjGKBdzY1QtJKbe6QtShEFVF0POFH0ehAwpQJVfy-oraI_r7qS0stWQW_x1xalVrBxc8UVAPVO3xW5_4mHPGzJ6hcX6D1Ra-MWqi8k4rhAufaNNUH_ozrrpcAU-ph1mE/s640/FulaniGuinea-COA.png" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">As you can see in the screenshot above: </span><br />
<ul>
<li>the chart at the top lists my genetic matches and the countries where all 4 of their four grandparents were born (Guinea).</li>
<li>the chart on the bottom is a vertical chromosome display showing the location of my matches. When the cursor hovers over a colored match on the chart, additional information about the match pops up, such as length of segment and grandparents' birth places. </li>
<li>A box also opens showing the chromosome location where my match shares DNA with me and segment length (12.2cM). The match is on chromosome 7. After contacting the match I learned he was from the Fulani tribe in the Futa Jaloon region of Guinea-Conakry. </li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Further <a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="color: blue;">23andMe</a>'s<span style="color: blue;"> </span><b>CoA</b> had advanced control tools in which you could adjust the Number of Grandparents, Segment Length, Melting Pot Nations (like US and Canada); and Filter to show Public Matches. With <b>CoA</b> you could connect with your all of your genetic matches. You could also look at the <b>CoA</b>'s of everyone that "shared" their DNA results with you, kin or not. In this manner I also learned that my Guinea match shared DNA at the same location with my maternal grandfather's first cousin, her child, as well as someone from Jamaica.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I was able to use <a href="http://www.23andme.com/"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a>'s <b>CoA</b> to quickly identify the nationalities of my genetic cousins and knew the chromosome location they matched me on. However <b>CoA</b> was not integrated with <a href="http://www.23andme.com/"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a>'s Ancestry Composition so I had to perform manual side-by-side visual comparisons with <b>CoA</b>, Ancestry Composition's chromosome painting tool, and GEDmatch [see my <span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/2015/05/ethnicity-chromosome-mapping.html" style="color: blue;">Ethnicity Chromosome Mapping blog</a>]</span>. <b>CoA</b> was discontinued in 2015 after </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a></span> </span>customers raised concerns about privacy, many of which were unfounded.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Now for the review!</b> For each DNA company (<a href="http://www.23andme.com/"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a> and <a href="http://www.ancestry.com/"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a>) there will be a<b> <span style="color: blue;">Results</span></b>, <span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">Methodology </span>and <b><span style="color: blue;">Analysis</span></b> section, followed by my <b><span style="color: blue;">Conclusion</span></b>:</span><br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">23andMe's Recent Ancestor Locations</span></b><br />
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<img border="0" data-original-height="207" data-original-width="922" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDMbs_Dx9xZE-JQqHEbim2__7x5VSTUpkQH_dP2ae4cYIOq4PCSAXgqLUyJT8IA14YnbjOFGkpaVGctkN3Qz7bJWQe60ixhsXuDtjw_zH5enG74nH0ZASz0LqPC3PDAW9V2_tUUt32S2w/s640/23andMe+150+regions+.png" width="640" /></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">At the start of 2018 <a href="http://www.23andme.com/"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a> floated the idea of reinventing its former Countries of Ancestry tool by incorporating it with its Ancestry Composition (genetic admixture estimates) tool. <a href="http://www.23andme.com/"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a>'s new feature is called <b><span style="color: blue;">Recent Ancestor Locations</span></b> (RAL), which boasted 150+ new regions added to its Ancestry Composition report. <br /><br />By April, when <span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.23andme.com/"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a> </span>rolled out <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b> [see <a href="https://customercare.23andme.com/hc/en-us/articles/360003184973-Recent-Ancestor-Locations">here</a>] some people misinterpreted it as being an Ancestry Composition update or an upgrade to its V5 chip platform. It was neither and in part due to the way <a href="http://www.23andme.com/"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a> advertised <span style="color: blue;"><b>RAL</b></span> to the public (ie as an Ancestry Composition update).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">RESULTS</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><br /></b></span>When </span><a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> customers opened their new Ancestry Composition results some of them saw sub-categories below a genetic ancestry category. For example under the British & Irish category some customers saw United Kingdom, while others may have seen Ireland. Here's a new Ancestry Composition with <span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">RAL </span>report<span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;"> </span>for my African-American relative:</span><br />
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<img border="0" data-original-height="1296" data-original-width="644" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD5qOY_BaVPPSXnhP2hohsoNJ7_SPyXT23Xh_jk8ocHoqE7SsdS6oXFiQtg6NQYA5gipCb20DrZ4q18CGKbGz17PVXSJzY7y0_I4u-RRzlf89Tyg0Z5RoyT1gIY_pDRJ2maZTPYxodOjo/s640/Screen+Shot+2018-04-02+at+4.51.39+PM.png" width="318" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">As you can see my relative only received an <span style="color: blue;"><b>RAL</b></span> (United Kingdom) for the British & Irish category. Yes not seeing any <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b>'s for his West African admixture is shocking. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Next if you clicked on Scientific Details link, you were taken to another page showing your Ancestry Composition's 31 population categories each with <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b>'s and five dots next to them:</span><br />
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<img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="1600" height="545" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn8e5PEwdSHWAg9ElKr8tyA4cPolPlzeRrwHX78vJgKoGCzThjE46OUeiZxlI6jb3PNVIYDTF6Tb-BGsWGGnm0656rwn8-zIfXsXjhAulXx2pthT0Jw4dHQUOvJ6m4tnNUot74HbTsTf4/s640/Screen+Shot+2018-05-09+at+5.33.59+PM.png" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The five dots indicate the "strength of the match" (more in Methodology section) to the <span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">RAL</span>. Since m</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">y relative's results show an </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> under his British & Irish admixture, and one or more of his dots will be shaded next to United Kingdom. My relative has one dot filled in, </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">which indicates that my relative has a low-strength connection to United Kingdom and none with Ireland (the other <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL </span></b>listed under British & Irish category). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">METHODOLOGY</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">At present <a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="color: blue;">23andMe</a> has not released a white paper on its <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b> feature but offers explanations on the "Scientific Details" page of your Ancestry Composition report. </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">23andMe</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">first explains how your ancestral breakdown is calculated:</span><br />
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<img border="0" data-original-height="363" data-original-width="1076" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSXjDjtjum0CrG3XOIZSwOw52WLfcXTRekq45v6L8h7Qkhg4pvUc9zdP4DbdKsHoFxJTCOCoXPz95gkXqwSUWlHjV7YEx5DY53Y8-Eql7UF670gdbwAvq9_1-NuDQWMlAfib3P6M48xi0/s1600/23andme+calculate+your+Ancestry+breakdown.png" /></div>
<a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">23andMe</a>'s<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> explanation above is extremely important because it directly states that your Ancestry Composition reports were <b>NOT</b> <b>updated</b>. It also explains that the 31 ancestral reference populations are not necessarily related to or "in" you but rather that your DNA resembles (not match) DNA from a specific reference population.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Next </span><a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">23andMe</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> explains how it determines your <b><span style="color: blue;">Recent Ancestor Locations</span></b> and "Match Strength":</span><br />
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<img border="0" data-original-height="341" data-original-width="991" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnAsPUK-6anUQ9dZ_MG5YMFVrNBHT6xQFTbFV982CMUzUHZgW3pJ8RsvNkfW01qYtO8p2r3NGOfAolQDPMnF19TEoBmlD3befuaOlvDhwJAHeqUrTtBAZKzJF7umLUoaASS0q2K-CL5gs/s640/23andme+how+we+determine+your+recent+ancestor+location.png" width="640" /></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Accordingly if you match (or share DNA with) <b><span style="color: red;">5 or more</span></b> people (reference individuals) from a specific country, excluding your close relatives, you will be assigned one of the 150+ <b><span style="color: blue;">Recent Ancestor Locations</span></b>. The <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL </span></b>will appear under the corresponding Ancestry Composition report's 31 global populations (ethnicity categories). <br /><br />The <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b> reference individuals are customers who completed the Family Origins survey, which asks customers to fill out their grandparents' birthplaces. 23andMe utilized the survey information to organize the reference individuals into 150+ <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL </span></b>clusters. <br /><br /><b><span style="color: blue;">What are the dots about?</span></b> If you received a <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b> in your <a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="color: blue;">23andMe</a> Ancestry Composition report, you also received colored dots (one to five) in a "Strength" category. The colored dots in the "Strength" category are based on the IBD segments that were detected between you and the reference individuals. The more IBD segments shared with the reference individuals the more chances of receiving the five dots. In the example I posted in the Results section, my relative has a weaker connection to the United Kingdom <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL </span></b>but my relative matches at least five individuals, excluding close relatives, from that United Kingdom <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">ANALYSIS</span></b><br /><br />When </span><a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">23andMe</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">'s <b><span style="color: blue;">Recent Ancestor Locations </span></b>(RAL) released, some customers found their Ancestry Composition results to be more specific and in accordance with their known genealogies and genetic ancestry inheritance. However others were deeply wary about their <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b> and the dot system (match strength) being inaccurate, as well as the <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b> reference persons submitting erroneous information about their grandparents. Most shockingly, African-Americans and very few people of recent African descent received any African <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b>'s. <br /><br />As explained earlier, fine-scaling relies on information from clusters of related people, including those biologically connected to us. </span><a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">23andMe</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> fine-scales its genetic admixture product by culling information from customers who filled out a </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">"Where Are You From?" </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">survey and then using this information to establish an <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b>. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In order to receive an <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b> you are required to share DNA with five reference individuals, excluding close relatives. This 5-person requirement allows for high confidence that you and your DNA matches are actually related and share recent ancestry from a specific biogeographical location.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">While it's possible for </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> reference persons to submit erroneous information about their grandparents we must remember that we do share a biological relationship with the ones showing up as an </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> in our Ancestry Composition report. Notably </span><a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">23andMe</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">'s survey does not even ask where all 8 great-grandparents were born, which may different from our grandparents' birthplaces. Therefore we must be careful about dismissing an <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b> outright without further genealogical investigation. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />Unfortunately the reference individuals comprising the <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b>'s are not easily contactable. This is a significant departure from <a href="http://www.23andme.com/"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a>'s retired Countries of Ancestry tool where you could contact any match directly from the tool's interface. Since the <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b> is based on our DNA relatives, we have to manually comb through our DNA relatives list to find matches who've actually listed the birthplaces of all four grandparents—you can access this information with the "DNA comparison" feature on your "DNA Relatives" list. But there is no way of telling if your DNA relative was utilized for an <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b>. <br /> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Interestingly </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">23andMe</a>'s</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <b><span style="color: red;">150+</span> <span style="color: blue;">RALs</span></b> include numerous clusters for the Native American category. There are 22 Native American RALs representing countries in the Caribbean, Central America, Mexico and South America and none from North America. Some customers with Native American admixture were thrilled about this and even made the false assumption that these 22 <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b>s represented tribal origins. This problem is most of the reference persons in these "Native American" <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b>s are multiethnic (African, Amerindian and European), and </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I'm not sure if we actually share Native American or other admixture with them. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><br />By contrast </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">23andMe</a>'s</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b> only has five clusters for Ancestry Composition's West African and East African category. Most shockingly, African-Americans and very few people of African descent received any of African <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b>s. This is very disappointing because there are plenty customers or African descent in </span><a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">23andMe</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">'s</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> database due to recruiting initiatives like its </span><a href="https://www.23andme.com/global-genetics/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">2018 Global Genetics Project</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">; </span><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/23andme-research/the-african-genetics-project/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">2016 African Genetics Project</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, </span><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/news/announcements/roots-into-the-future/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Roots Into The Future; Project</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> and </span><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/23andme-research/african-american-sequencing-project/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">African American Sequencing Project</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In addition <a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="color: blue;">23andMe</a> customers fortunate enough to experience Countries of Ancestry had recent African matches with all four grandparents being born in one country such as Angola, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Senegal, Mali, Mozambique and Madagascar. Yet NONE of these populations are included in the 150+ <span style="color: blue;"><b>RAL</b></span>s. To note <a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="color: blue;">23andMe</a>'s first version of <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">assigned Senegal, Mozambique and Madagascar to Ancestry Composition's "Broadly Sub-Saharan African" category. Then 23andMe removed them altogether. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">23andMe subsequently added Cabo Verde, an ethnically mixed population, as an<b><span style="color: blue;"> RAL</span></b> to its West African category. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="color: blue;">23andMe</a>'s new <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b>'s short-changes people of African descent and reveals a more complex problem that must be resolved first. <a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="color: blue;">23andMe</a> must make changes (read: update) to its Ancestry Composition tool for better <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b> integration. <b>Here are my recommendations:</b></span><br />
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<ul>
<li>With respect to Ancestry Composition's Sub-Saharan African population clusters, <a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">'s has enough data and reference populations to organize the sub-regions with more granularity and specificity. I propose the African categories/clusters be: </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">Northern West African</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">Central West African</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">Southern West African</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">Central African</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">Southeast African</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">South African</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">Northeast African</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">, and </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">North African & Arabian</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">. Then new RAL's could be created for each cluster using customers already in the database. </span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><ul>
<li>Ancestry Composition's West African sub-category can be broken down because populations there are genetically distinct from each other—for example the Fulani (Guinea, Senegal, Sierra Leone) are distinct from the Akan (Ghana, Ivory Coast), who are distinct from the Igbo/Yoruba (Nigeria), etc. In other words West Africa can be split into five or more distinct biogeographic regions or clusters [see <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/107/2/786"><span style="color: blue;">Bryc et al</span></a>] and even more <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b>s. </li>
</ul>
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><ul>
<li>Ancestry Composition's African Hunter-Gatherer needs to be split between the "Pygmy" populations (Cameroon/Congo) and Khosians (South African) as they are scientifically proven to be genetically distinct from each other; they should not be organized by lifestyle (hunter-gatherer). A Central African and South African category would correct this issue. As well the East African should be split between Southeast African (mostly Bantu) and Northeast African (non-Bantu). </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Finally remove the term "Sub Saharan African" and just use "African." Most of <a href="http://www.23andme.com/"><span style="color: blue;">23andM</span>e</a>'s competitors have stopped using the term because it has no genetic value and is offensive to some people of African descent. [see discussion <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa">here</a>; <a href="https://www.pambazuka.org/governance/what-exactly-does-%E2%80%98sub-sahara-africa%E2%80%99-mean">here</a> and <a href="http://www.africannewsworld.com/2009/07/contemptuousness-of-sub-saharan-africa.html">here</a>]</li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>ANCESTRYDNA's GENETIC COMMUNITIES</b></span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #181a1c; font-family: "source sans pro" , "helvetica neue" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="482" data-original-width="1600" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEWziSJb7fBr-p_02_tem3jj1JEt1fjKRaK4n8jTO3Q-Ynswu6Sr3IV-1NxnzgRR-IRMz2QOXT6vzPjJy-5PAyzFqtt5HXxhJmj-6821AyEJPXeZOaOBXO73pq04j4Nfyik1vIET1zUFI/s640/AncestryDNA+Migrations.png" width="640" /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In March 2017 <a href="http://www.ancestry.com/"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a> released its new fine-scale genetic admixture feature <span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">Genetic Communities </span>(GC) where you are matched to biogeographical regions and people in those places who share the same ancestries or regional history. </span><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">'s <b><span style="color: blue;">GC </span></b>are vast in scope and complexity; at publication there are over 350<b><span style="color: blue;"> GC</span></b>s from all over the world. Since AncestryDNA released Genetic Communities early last year, a lot have been published about it. As such and for brevity purposes, I will only focus on the most salient points concerning </span><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">'s <b style="color: blue;">GC </b>and what issues need to be improved today.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: red;">King Genome's Tip: </span></b>For full coverage of <a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a>'s <span style="color: blue;"><b>GC</b></span> please see Blaine Bettinger's <a href="https://thegeneticgenealogist.com/2017/03/28/ancestrydnas-genetic-communities-are-finally-here/"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA's Genetic Communities Is Finally Here</span></a>; Kitty Cooper's <a href="https://thegeneticgenealogist.com/2017/03/28/ancestrydnas-genetic-communities-are-finally-here/"><span style="color: blue;">Genetic Communities At Ancestry Are Live</span></a>; Debbie Cruwys' AncestryDNA's <a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2017/03/ancestrydnas-new-genetic-communities.html"><span style="color: blue;">New Genetic Communities Have Arrived</span></a> or Roberta Estes' <a href="https://dna-explained.com/2017/03/28/genetic-communities/"><span style="color: blue;">Genetic Communities</span></a>.</span></li>
</ul>
<b><span style="color: blue;">RESULTS</span></b><br />
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With <a href="http://www.ancestry.com/"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a>'s <b style="color: blue;">GC </b>you can see and access your results in numerous ways from your Ethnicity Estimate or DNA Matches page.<b style="color: blue;"> </b>When you go to your Ethnicity Estimate for example, your are able to see specific "regions" (<b><span style="color: blue;">Genetic Communities</span></b>) that you share with both genetic relatives and non-relatives. Here are my results:</span></div>
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<img border="0" data-original-height="1020" data-original-width="824" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvgcXLOGOAXXhHTOHA5xLMraKrjnCucmIu9LBKG3NnU6NgzHzu_M-z6sNgIZlCGL-jLxUAZ1tZs0OAy3Xvd2R2roYvBOMowHMTufAyayGrRnrdCn7cGvSiEiMzeiyJAHVbbRg2lVN28KE/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-05-09+at+5.48.28+PM.png" width="258" /></div>
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<img border="0" data-original-height="1002" data-original-width="832" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS8TkwdEFFfqLrfmU3VmzFjG_uygslaOH9H6iwQPomi1OHDulfQQ2n16_xN4bdAU6rM3W2h46I4xiQgewaJk6nTk1L5KAZttaR5DbBBlZR20FEDbbiVkSU3vBzvcNpGWjNY_yzAgoNU1U/s320/Screen+Shot+2018-05-09+at+5.49.18+PM.png" width="265" /></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">As you can see at the bottom of my page there is a "Migrations" section and it contains two genetic communities: South Carolina African-Americans and Pennsylvania Settlers. <br /><br />When accessing my <a href="http://www.ancestry.com/"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a> <span style="color: blue;"><b>GC</b></span> from my DNA Matches page it lists sub-groups of my two GC's, namely South Carolina Pee Dee Country African-Americans, Savannah River Basin African Americans (all for South Carolina African-Americans) and Poconos & North Jersey Settlers (for Pennsylvania Settlers): </span><img border="0" data-original-height="228" data-original-width="1246" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiItm8Emfts2oXDGwN3gFG4GmpsWR2qHqdp-BO_f5et32Uo9TWswedz-94mZLJBdfB9qzZAnZeTKk8Pi7StzmFPXzvb9Hy5nN4wxddy0XyDNJAwqtg3iRRZiUfQBLB5dtN_2dBwgvvrxnM/s640/Screen+Shot+2018-05-09+at+8.19.27+PM.png" width="640" /><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">My<span style="color: blue;"> </span><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</a></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">'s </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>GC</b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> are also accessible when I click on a category for my Ethnicity Estimate:</span><br />
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<img border="0" data-original-height="702" data-original-width="828" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8XqGKu0O5so8erVsyma0CAD3xGztuyEgRhHaBDQcLtIgFqR_1XmqkOhaAoKz9aZdz9kbl9-nu54BROHR_FcbDTKKhnfzbxPS4MtHtKp9nTxl-rXI20eX_jaXMzubEIhHyW3u5BgvEvuM/s400/Screen+Shot+2018-05-09+at+5.50.42+PM.png" width="400" /></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Looking at my Ethnicity Estimates from the perspective of my assigned <a href="http://www.ancestry.com/"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a> <b style="color: blue;">GC</b>, I can see that several of my DNA matches in the GC share several ethnicity admixture categories with me:</span><br />
<img border="0" data-original-height="604" data-original-width="1490" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmiGn8Rq4Bel7tawD1fg6QVImXbuZHX3H04SlDrV_nkM-GBDnNASibPnkBg7cafNS9IV_7GN_7gVmo-g3ZDa1HnYt2jyK1c9cAzhY77HEEJBPKsmtzfP16hyQWgRBps_E2Ga-iJiPTJ38/s640/Screen+Shot+2018-05-09+at+8.16.58+PM.png" width="640" /><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I can also see at the bottom of the page that share my South Carolina African-American <b><span style="color: blue;">GC</span></b> with 851 DNA matches. The orange area shows the extent of the </span><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">'s </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>GC</b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">.<br /><br />Included with the </span><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">'s </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>GC</b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> is a "DNA Story" presented as a time-line that contains historical and genealogical information about the GC and the people in them, as well as an interactive map showing the history of migrations of the peoples in the <b><span style="color: blue;">GC</span></b>:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">METHODOLOGY</span></b><br /><br /><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a>'s <b style="color: blue;">GC </b>basically works by utilizing a machine-learning algorithm to cluster living individuals that share DNA due to specific and recent shared history, and comparing this to </span><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> customer genealogical information. Thus </span><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">'s </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>GC</b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> reveals fine-scale population structure in its customers' Ethnicity Estimates due to historical migration patterns. You can read the full description of the process in the <span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.ancestry.com/cs/dna-help/communities/whitepaper"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA Genetic Communities White Paper</span></a>.</span><br /><br />The methodology by which </span><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> identifies and assigns individuals to <span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">GC</span>s is best summed up in the white paper's conclusion: </span><br />
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<img border="0" data-original-height="510" data-original-width="1600" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6Q5X9_W0sJZc0dVNm5y7tdNSr2m0TFG_BrPoCiFD7zeeBcKvAHwbOYfpA05VcD_ofOw29i70uw-SzBndDmhR-P_-_gCurZDJM56abuiyEqoYMD19r6QhxdiAuq8XlN-D_lj5LyZBthr0/s640/Screen+Shot+2018-05-15+at+4.36.12+PM.png" width="640" /></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />As the </span><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">'s </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>GC</b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> white paper elucidates:</span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">"<a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">AncestryDNA</a></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> identifies groups of customers that likely descend from immigrants participating in a particular wave of migration (e.g. Irish fleeing the Great Famine), or customers that descend from ancestral populations that have remained in the same geographic location for many generations (e.g. the early settlers of the Appalachian Mountains)"; and </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">"Following the identification of these clusters of individuals in the entire network, we can then assign any <a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</a> customer to one or more of these clusters based on their IBD with other <a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</a> members. Such assignment can provide a customer with insight into their recent ancestral history, in some cases traceable back to a historical event."</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">ANALYSIS </span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</a> <b><span style="color: blue;">Genetic Communities</span></b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b>rely on Identical By Descent (IBD) or genetic connections among its 10 million customers, as well as customers' Ethnicity Estimates and genealogical information. In turn </span><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>GC</b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> reveals finer details about our Ethnicity Estimates as well as the recent and ancestral migration patterns of our genetic relatives</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. There may be some truth in the notion that everyone is related to each other by "six degrees of separation." </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />The greatest strengths of </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">AncestryDNA</a>'s</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">GC </span>product</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> is that it's inclusive of people with multiple ancestries and biogeographic origins...and that there just are so many <b><span style="color: blue;">GC</span></b> (350+). You can also access <b><span style="color: blue;">GC</span></b> from several different points in your AncestryDNA results, which should be desirable for novice customers. </span><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">'s </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>GC</b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> is fully integrated with its Ethnicity Estimates and DNA Match lists. And you can actually contact every DNA match in your <b><span style="color: blue;">GC</span></b>. Together these attributes help us learn more specific information about our recent genetic ancestry. <br /><br />Having so much accessibility and integration comes at a cost. That is, you are not related to everyone in your assigned </span><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>GC</b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">; remember <b><span style="color: blue;">GC</span></b> include people you're actually related to and non-relatives sharing the same biogeographical origins and migration patterns with you. Furthermore you will have DNA matches in your <span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">GS</span> with whom you won't share ethnicity admixture clusters listed with the <b><span style="color: blue;">GC</span></b>. Invariably just because someone matches and shares a <b><span style="color: blue;">GC </span></b>with you doesn’t mean that’s how you are genetically related to them. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />Since<span style="color: blue;"> <a href="http://www.ancestry.com/"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a></span> <span style="color: blue;"><b>GC</b></span> in part based on customer-submitted genealogical information we're at mercy of family trees, many of them with scant, erroneous or private information. However our fears our mitigated by the fact that <a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</a><span style="color: blue;"> </span>also examines genetic connections among its 10 million customers to determine <b><span style="color: blue;">GC</span></b><span style="color: blue;">. </span>A brilliant move. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Of course if </span><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">AncestryDNA</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> implemented a <a href="https://isogg.org/wiki/Chromosome_browser"><span style="color: blue;">chromosome browser</span></a> we could determine with more precision how and if we match genetic relatives in our <b><span style="color: blue;">GC</span></b>s. Despite a continuous petition for a chromosome browser, </span><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">AncestryDNA</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> has refused to add one. </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>GC</b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> have two other important drawbacks:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />First, all of </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a>'</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">s <b><span style="color: red;">350+</span></b> <b><span style="color: blue;">GC</span></b>'s, inclusive of African-American clusters, there is <b>NONE from AFRICA</b>. This is disheartening because many African-American customers consider </span><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">'s Ethnicity Estimate tool to have the best African breakdown on the market, often corresponding to recent African DNA matches connected to them via the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade"><span style="color: blue;">Trans-Atlantic Slave trade</span></a>. What's more there are a lot of Africans in AncestryDNA's 10 million+ database so there should be <span style="color: blue;"><b>GC</b></span>s for them too. <br /><br />Second and finally, almost no one's </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>GC</b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> have updated from when the feature was first introduced in 2017. I still have the same old two genetic communities. Also many customers are not assigned <b><span style="color: blue;">GC</span></b>s that they should be connected to. For example </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I've several recent ancestral lines from Virginia and </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">many of my DNA tested relatives with roots in Virginia have a Virginia </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: bold;">GC</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, but I don't. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">It appears </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">AncestryDNA</a>'s</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">machine learning algorithms are stagnant and in desperate need of lubrication.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">CONCLUSION</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.23andme.com/"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a>'s <span style="color: blue;"><b>Recent Ancestor Locations</b></span> and <a href="http://www.ancestry.com/"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a>'s <b><span style="color: blue;">Genetic Communities</span></b> attempts to marry ethnicity estimates with our biological relatives to reveal our ethnic origins and genetic ancestry with more specificity and precision. These new genetic admixture estimate enhancements are based upon the principles of fine-scaling genetic admixture and integrates DNA connections shared between customers and customer-submitted genealogical information.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Customers misinterpretation of </span><a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> and </span><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">'s fine-scale feature</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">—</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">it is not an admixture calculator update</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">—</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">have led to unnecessary disappointment. But as genealogists we have an ethical obligation to verify our the genealogical information of our matches.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />Still there are problems with </span><a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> and </span><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">'s fine-scaling methodology and algorithms:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">With </span><a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">'s</span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;"> Recent Ancestor Locations</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> we are not able to directly contact our relatives utilized as reference persons unless we do a grueling manual search of our matches. This has led to customer paranoia about whether reference persons are submitting the wrong information about their grandparents. What's more people of African descent were deprived because they virtually have no African <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b>. </span><a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> will have to rethink its 5-person matching requirement for <span style="color: blue;"><b>RAL</b></span> assignment and actually update its Ancestry Composition so that more customers will receive an <b><span style="color: blue;">RAL</span></b>.<br /><br />With </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a>'s</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="color: blue;">Genetic Communities</b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, we can contact the DNA matches on our GC's, which is fully integrated and accessible from any place in our DNA reports. This allows</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> for customer to focus on their relatives, family pedigrees and migratory history. I also like the fact that most of the <b><span style="color: blue;">GC'</span></b>s are multi-ethnic and connect to several biogeographical regions. Yet </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">does not seem to adequately reflect the connections among its 10 million customers and 350+ <b><span style="color: blue;">GC</span></b>s. And while there are many African-American <b><span style="color: blue;">GC</span></b>s there are no continental African <b><span style="color: blue;">GC</span></b>s so again people of African descent are treated unfairly. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Fine-scaling of our genetic admixture is of course not what we ultimately wanted</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">—</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">we desire an actual ethnicity admixture update. Yet fine-scaling genetic admixture is certainly a move in the right direction. Sort of like an engagement rather than a marriage. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thus fine-scaling does exactly what it is intended to do</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">—</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">match us to living people who share similar biogeography and history with us in order to reveal relevant specificity about our genetic ancestry. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">And once <span style="color: #ea9999;"><b>the Pink Elephant leaves</b></span> the room hopefully other DNA companies like <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/"><span style="color: blue;">FamilyTreeDNA</span></a>, </span><a href="https://www.livingdna.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">LivingDNA</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> and </span><a href="http://www.myheritage.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">MyHeritage</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> will follow suit with a fine-scaling application for their genetic admixture and DNA matching products. </span></div>
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TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-79522290730177526482018-05-08T11:17:00.001-07:002019-03-21T18:25:05.484-07:00Mama's Got A Brand New Clade <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht_5omV9e3B_XnfIrgsNFVNBYkUvn0fmfuTpwBgmcNUwfr2-IHgA93Jk_sSCDht_-u0wLuOkG6UcOk8QmpLNAy5i2h92FRlWdvQFv0cmhSiYOrq0svKBNTKnLDD2BryY_MOgZpPs-JVu8/s1600/13063373_10209183631406078_4105150647118318907_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1120" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht_5omV9e3B_XnfIrgsNFVNBYkUvn0fmfuTpwBgmcNUwfr2-IHgA93Jk_sSCDht_-u0wLuOkG6UcOk8QmpLNAy5i2h92FRlWdvQFv0cmhSiYOrq0svKBNTKnLDD2BryY_MOgZpPs-JVu8/s400/13063373_10209183631406078_4105150647118318907_o.jpg" width="280" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">My 1st Cousin 2x removed Clara Harvey </td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">This blog is in honor of my cousin <b><span style="color: red;">Clara Harvey</span></b>, who turned <b><span style="color: red;">95</span></b> on April 26, 2018, just one day after National DNA Day. She is truly one of the last Mohicans — one of two surviving first cousins from my maternal grandfather's generation. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">With Mother's Day fast approaching, this is the perfect time to share phenomenal news about matriarch Clara's <b>MATERNAL</b> (mitochondrial-DNA or mtDNA) <b>HAPLOGROUP</b>, and we took it to the "Bank" (more on this later).<br /><br />I'm also making an urgent appeal to add Cousin Clara's maternal haplogroup to the <a href="http://www.phylotree.org/"><span style="color: blue;">mtDNA phylogenetic tree</span></a> so we can present it to her at an upcoming family event. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I also have a new hypothesis about the source of our Native American ancestry. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><br />In my recent blog <a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/2017/10/guide-to-building-your-family-haplotree.html"><span style="color: blue;">Guide to Building Your Family's Haplotree</span></a> I revealed that cousin Clara's Maternal Haplogroup was<b><span style="color: red;"> B2</span></b>, which is exclusively found in Native Americans. Since cousin Clara's mother and my grandfather's mother were full sisters this proved that the direct matrilineal line of my maternal grandfather — and by extension myself — biologically descend from a foremother of Native American descent.<br /><br />I pray this blog inspires more relatives from my maternal grandfather's branch (<span style="color: blue;">Gillette, Hall, Jackson, Shipley, Van Horn, Van Ness, Winkey, Wyckoff</span>) to participate in DNA testing; see my <a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/p/tl-dixons-family-history-genetic.html"><span style="color: blue;">Family History & Genetic Genealogy Book Project</span></a>. Our cousin Cousin Clara (and her brothers) tested without hesitation and in return unlocked a rich legacy that keeps exceeding all expectations. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Special thanks to cousin <b><span style="color: red;">Richard Oakley</span></b> and genetic experts <b>Claudio Bravi</b>, <b>James Lick</b>, and<b> Ian Logan </b>for their invaluable assistance.<b> Read on:</b></span><br />
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<b style="color: blue; font-size: x-large;">BACKGROUND </b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In 2014 cousin <b>Clara Harvey</b> and her son Richard Oakley tested at </span><a href="https://www.23andme.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, which includes lower res maternal (and paternal) haplogroup assignments as part of its testing product. That's when we first learned about founding Native American haplogroup <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b> in the family. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />However MtDNA Haplogroup <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b> has a lot of sub-clades (ie B2a, B2b, B2c), and sub-groups of those sub-clades (ie B2a1, B2b3, B2c1), and subgroups of those subgroups (ie B2a1a, B2b3a, B2c1a) and sub-subgroups of...you get the picture. We were hoping for a more specific B2 assignment in an effort to learn more about our indigenous roots. <br /><br />Cousin <b><span style="color: red;">Richard Oakley</span></b> (he has an exact copy of his mother Clara's mtDNA), decided to take <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/"><span style="color: blue;">FamilyTreeDNA</span></a>'s <b>Full Mitochondrial Sequence test</b>, which genotypes the entire mtDNA code and provides the most specific terminal haplogroup available, as well as mtDNA genetic relative matching. Richard's <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/"><span style="color: blue;">FamilyTreeDNA</span></a> "predicted" Maternal Haplogroup assignment were the same as his 23andMe results = <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b>.<br /><br /> I then advised cousin Richard to take the <a href="https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/"><span style="color: blue;">National Genographic 2.0</span></a> DNA test. At the time </span><a href="https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">National Genographic 2.0</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> (before they switched to the Helix platform) customers could transfer their raw data file to <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/"><span style="color: blue;">FamilyTreeDNA</span></a> and in turn receive a "confirmed" terminal Maternal Haplogroup assignment. Interestingly </span><a href="https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">National Genographic 2.0</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> assigned cousin Richard, <b>B2b3</b>.<br /><br />However there was a problem: <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/"><span style="color: blue;">FamilyTreeDNA</span></a> "confirmed" Richard's mtDNA haplogroup as <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b> with no subclade. To investigate the discrepancy, Richard uploaded his <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/"><span style="color: blue;">FamilyTreeDNA</span></a> FASTA file to <a href="https://dna.jameslick.com/mthap/">James Lick's MtDNA Haplogroup Analysis</a> program. Here are the results (click to enlarge):</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">With Richard's <a href="https://dna.jameslick.com/mthap/">James Lick MtDNA Haplogroup Analysis</a> results (above), his best mtDNA haplgroup predictions fit with <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b> and <b><span style="color: blue;">B2b3</span></b>, the latter of which is a sub-group of <span style="color: blue;"><b>B2b</b></span>. That's when I noticed the discrepancy: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Richard is mismatch for the defining marker for </span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">B2b </span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">(indicated above in red as marker </span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">6755<span style="color: blue;">A</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">—</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Cousin Richard has </span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">6755<span style="color: red;">G</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">). This means cousin Richard's terminal haplogroup could not be </span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">B2b3</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> if he's negative for the defining mutation of her parent subclade </span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">B2b</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I contacted <b>James Lick</b> about the results. He told me that either there was a reversion of the defining mutation (<b>G6755<span style="color: blue;">A</span></b>) for <b><span style="color: blue;">B2b</span></b> back to its ancestral state (<b>G6755<span style="color: red;">G </span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">— </span>usually haplogroup mutations are confirmed in their derived state) or it was not <b><span style="color: blue;">B2b3</span></b>. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I reviewed the <span style="color: blue;"><b>B2b</b></span> samples in <b>Roberta Estes</b>'s comprehensive <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">database of Native American mtDNA haplogroups</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://dna-explained.com/2017/03/02/new-native-american-mitochondrial-dna-haplogroups/" style="background-color: white;">here</a> but could not find any <b><span style="color: blue;">B2b</span></b>'s negative for <b>G6775<span style="color: blue;">A</span></b>.</span><br /><br />Next I reached out to Argentinian anthropologist and geneticist <b>Dr. Claudio Bravi</b> and asked him our family's mtDNA haplogroup <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b> discrepancy. After analyzing cousin Richard and Clara's mtDNA data, here is what Dr. Bravi wrote back to me:</span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1456983958621_3470" lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt;"><b>"Hi TL,</b></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1456983958621_3465" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><b>No, it is not B2b3 with reversion. Instead, it is a new clade with homoplasic polymorphism at 13708. 13708 is a rather hotspot that appears over and over again in different mtDNA lineages.</b></span> </span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1456983958621_3460" lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt;"><b>Your cousin´s sequence has an almost perfect match with one published one from the US, unfortunately without info regarding ethnicity or geographic origin. See below a comparison of these sequences. I only listed the polymorphisms accumulated since the arrival to America: both sequences share the same five mutations and differ at hypervariable 16092. This indicates that they are really very close as seen here. </b></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A homoplastic polymorphism occurs when defining mutations of two haplogroups are similar but not derived from a common ancestor. In <b><span style="color: red;">Richard</span></b>'s case, the defining marker for <b><span style="color: blue;">B2b3</span></b> would not be derived from its parent <span style="color: blue;"><b>B2b</b></span> — which is <b>6755</b><span style="color: blue;"><b>A</b></span> (derived state) whereas Richard has <b>6755<span style="color: red;">G</span></b> (ancestral state) in that location </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">— but perhaps another <b><span style="color: red;">B2 </span></b>subgroup</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">This indicates that cousin <b><span style="color: red;">Richard</span></b>'s terminal mtDNA haplogroup is a<b> new branch of <span style="color: red;">B2</span></b> and also positive for the hypervariable <b><span style="color: blue;">13708</span></b>. I formerly proposed her be named <b><span style="color: blue;">B2 + 13708</span></b>...I was wrong. </span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: red;">King Genome's Tip:</span></b> <b>Claudio Bravi </b>offers a free detailed report of full mito sequence matches from all over the Americas. <b>Note:</b> You MUST have taken a Full Mitochondrial Sequence test at FamilyTreeDNA and be assigned one of the Native American-specific haplogroups <b>A2</b>, <b>B2</b>, <b>C1b</b>, <b>C1c</b>, <b>C1d</b>, <b>C4c</b>, <b>D1</b>, <b>D2</b>, <b>D3</b> (=<b>D4b1a2a</b>), <b>D4e1c</b>, <b>D4h3a</b>, <b>X2a</b>, or <b>X2g</b>. Please download your FamilyTreeDNA FASTA file and send it to <b style="color: blue;">cmbravi@yahoo.com.ar </b>for analysis.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Taking Clara's Maternal Haplogroup to the "Bank" </span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">To learn more about cousin Clara's rare <b><span style="color: red;">B2 </span></b>mtDNA haplogroup; to take the next step of getting her (the <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b> subclade) officially named, which is achieved by receipt of a node on the mtDNA phylogenetic tree; to find more mtDNA testers with the same sequence (they could be the source of our indigenous roots), we decided to publish Richard's full mito sequence test on <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/"><span style="color: blue;"><b>GenBank</b></span></a>.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">GenBank</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> is the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH) genetic sequence database, an annotated collection of all publicly available DNA sequences...</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><b>GenBank</b></span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> is part of the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/collab">International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration</a>, which comprises the DNA DataBank of Japan (DDBJ), the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA), and GenBank at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information">National Center for Biotechnology Information</a> (NCBI)."</span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">GenBank</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">'s database is "designed to provide and encourage access within the scientific community to the most up-to-date and comprehensive DNA sequence information." </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">My hope is that geneticists, citizen scientists and researchers will examine our family's rare mtDNA </span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">motif </b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">and include it in scientific studies, especially those revealing information about her origins. Here's cousin </span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">Richard Oakley</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">'s official </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">GenBank</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> submission:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"> </span><b><img border="0" data-original-height="520" data-original-width="1197" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRGV0gY0SADm5KHAu1Df-nHDokbTTTFhAEXkveWFq9JcLFHenGeT7DcGRh6mhqDhR2rPSM1ZLAz8KS7IFsXGol5dafdVhRcfxxrQDgcdpcyjK6qQrFiPXkVeixe7nHB0ufvBEVR9thp1Q/s640/Screen+Shot+2018-04-21+at+8.03.38+PM.png" width="640" /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">On April 9, 2018, cousin Clara's full mitochondrial sequence results (via her son Richard Oakley) was officially published on </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: blue;">GenBank</span></a>.</span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;"> Our family's B2 is now public. </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />I also published the following sequences on </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: blue;">GenBank</span></a><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">:</span></div>
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<ul>
<li>My own mtDNA haplogroup <b><span style="color: blue;">L1b1a,</span><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #26282a; font-family: "times new roman" , "new york" , "times" , serif; font-size: 16px;"><b>MH161386, 09-APR-2018 </b></span>— a common African haplogroup with major subclades but lacking information for more specific L1b1a assignment. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>My cousin <b><span style="color: blue;">Barbara Shipley</span></b>'s mtDNA haplogroup <b><span style="color: blue;">M20, </span></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #26282a; font-family: "times new roman" , "new york" , "times" , serif; font-size: 16px;"><b>MH161389, </b></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #26282a; font-family: "times new roman" , "new york" , "times" , serif; font-size: 16px;"><b>09-APR-2018</b> </span>—a rare Asian haplogroup representing the first Austronesian female settlers in Madagascar; Barbara is related to me and cousin Clara's side of the family.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>My cousin <b><span style="color: blue;">Cleo Wilson</span></b>'s mtDNA haplogroup <span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">M32c</span>, <span style="background-color: white; color: #26282a; font-family: "times new roman" , "new york" , "times" , serif; font-size: 16px;"><b>MH208838</b>,<b> </b></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #26282a; font-family: "times new roman" , "new york" , "times" , serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold;">27-APR-2018</span> —Asian haplogroup found more frequently in Madagascar; Cleo and I share Southeast Asian admixture via a shared Madagascan ancestry, who is also the source of Cleo's mtDNA haplogroup. </li>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">When publishing to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/"><span style="color: blue;"><b>GenBank</b></span></a> please keep in mind:</span></div>
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<ul>
<li>Your full mitochondrial sequence will be publicly and internationally available; </li>
<li>Your submission is assigned an ID or Ascension number and will referenced by that ID number in any scientific studies and literature. </li>
<li>Submission owners are not credited. Instead the owner of the DNA company or research leader that produced your full mitochondrial sequence test receives the acknowledgment; this is why Bennett Greenspan, president/CEO of FamilyTreeDNA, is listed as "Author" of Richard Oakley's submission.</li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">If you're interested in submitting your Full Mitochondrial Sequence to<span style="color: blue;"> </span></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/"><span style="color: blue;">GenBank</span></a> </b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">please use</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b> </b><a href="http://www.ianlogan.co.uk/submission.htm" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: blue;">Ian Logan's GenBank Submission utility</span></a>.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">Cousin Clara's Brand New Native American 'Clade</span></b></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">When I contacted <b>Ian Logan</b> about publishing cousin Clara's rare <b><span style="color: red;">B2 </span></b>sequence on GenBank, I asked him to examine her file. Logan confirmed that it was indeed a <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b> motif without a sub-group label; in other words a brand new <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b> subclade. However instead of focusing on homoplastic polymorphism at <b><span style="color: blue;">13708</span></b> he turned his attention to mutation </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: red;">T8736C</span></b>.<br /><br />There are only 2 other sequences with the '<b><span style="color: red;">B2-T8736C</span></b>' motif out of the <b>43,000+</b> sequences</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> in </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/" style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: blue;">GenBank</span></a>:</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;">(1) </span><span style="color: #26282a;">JQ705147 Behar </span><span style="color: red;">B2</span><span style="color: #26282a;"> 07-APR-2012</span></b></div>
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A73G A263G T310C G499A A750G A827G A1438G A2706G A3547G A4769G</div>
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G4820A T4977C C6473T C7028T C8281- C8282- C8283- C8284- C8285- T8286-</div>
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<span style="color: #26282a;">C8287- T8288- A8289- </span><span style="color: red;"><b>T8736C</b></span><span style="color: #26282a;"> A8860G T9950C C11177T G11719A G13590A G13708A</span></div>
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C14766T A15326G C15535T T16092C A16182C A16183C T16189C T16217C A16230G T16249C</div>
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T16519C</div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;">(2)</span><span style="color: #26282a;"> JX669283 (Peru) Tito </span><span style="color: red;">B2</span><span style="color: #26282a;"> 09-OCT-2013</span></b></div>
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A73G G143A A210G A263G 309.1C 315.1C G499A 523.1C 523.2A 523.3C</div>
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523.4A A750G A827G A1438G A2706G A3547G A4769G G4820A T4977C T5628C</div>
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C6473T C7028T C8281- C8282- C8283- C8284- C8285- T8286- C8287- T8288-</div>
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<span style="color: #26282a;">A8289- </span><b><span style="color: red;">T8736C </span></b><span style="color: #26282a;"> A8860G A9242G T9950C C11177T G11719A G13590A C14766T A15326G</span></div>
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C15535T A16183- C16186T T16189C T16217C T16519C</div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The first <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b> mtDNA sequence carrying the motif <b><span style="color: red;">T8736C</span></b> was from an unidentified person in <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/"><span style="color: blue;">FamilyTreeDNA</span></a>'s database (possibly African-American), and the second was from Peru.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Further according to Mr. Logan, the mutation <b><span style="color: red;">T8736C</span></b> occurs about 20 times on </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/" style="color: blue;">GenBank</a></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> so it will also make a good subgroup definer for <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b>. </span></div>
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<li><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: #674ea7;">King Genome's Decree:</span><span style="color: purple;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Wherefore our family's proposed new mtDNA </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> haplogroup subclade should be named </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">B2-T8736C</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span></li>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>REQUEST To Add B2-T8736C to MtDNA PhyloTree</b></span></div>
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<img border="0" data-original-height="446" data-original-width="1242" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf0Y_yDglKSJ00908vJZqS5DGHj76o_MlbGPTI5vbC6ZCLA3LamrwhLJo400sFJbLSGu1-6jo96zcA6OXx9gHW9E8C7D6k0HBpDhx6SVCActbeDi_WttRK5hthAw8NK37XCEoXXgbrMVo/s640/Screen+Shot+2018-05-07+at+9.05.52+PM.png" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now that cousin Clara's full mito sequence is published on </span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">GenBan</a><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">k</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> and it has a new proposed name <span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">B2-T8736C</span>,<span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"> </span>our family hopes<span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"> </span>it can be swiftly added to <a href="http://www.phylotree.org/"><b><span style="color: blue;">Phylotree.org</span></b></a>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.phylotree.org/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Phylotree.org</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> a website that "provides a comprehensive phylogenetic tree of mitogenomes showing worldwide human mitochondrial DNA variation, and currently comprising over 5,400 nodes (haplogroups) with their defining mutations." </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">However in order for a new haplogroup or sub-clade to be added to <a href="http://www.phylotree.org/">Phylotree.org</a>, administrators require <b><span style="color: blue;">(1)</span></b> at least 3 of the same distinct sequences from 3 unrelated people, and<b><span style="color: blue;"> (2)</span></b> strong defining mutation(s) for that haplogroup or subclade. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The great news our family's <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b> mito sequence meets </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.phylotree.org/" style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: blue;">Phylotree.org</span></a>'s</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> criteria </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">and thus makes a solid candidate for addition to </span><a href="http://www.phylotree.org/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Phylotree.org</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">:</span></div>
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<ul><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<li>Our <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/" style="color: blue;">GenBan</a><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/" style="color: blue;">k</a> <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b> submission makes the 3rd published distinct sequence of its kind;</li>
<li>The mutation <b><span style="color: red;">T8736C</span></b> occurs about 20 times on <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/" style="color: blue;">GenBan</a><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/" style="color: blue;">k</a> (in other haplogroups) so it makes a good subgroup definer for <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b>. </li>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
Over the past few weeks I've made several attempts to contact<b> Mannis van Oven</b> at <span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.phylotree.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Phylotree.org</span></a></span> about making a new subgroup/node based on <b><span style="color: red;">B2-T8736C</span></b>. I've also reached out to </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/"><span style="color: blue;">FamilyTreeDNA</span></a>'s </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">MtDNA Haplogroup <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b> project administrators. At press time no one reached out to me.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">King Genome's Tips: </span></b></div>
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<ul>
<li>Take <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/products.as" style="font-weight: bold;">FamilyTreeDNA</a>'s <b>Full Mitochondrial Sequence</b> (FMS) test (<b>$199 </b>US;<b> <span style="color: red;">on sale $149</span></b><span style="color: red;"> </span>Mother's Day). <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/products.as">FamilyTreeDNA</a>'s FMS test will provide your most specific haplogroup assignment and is the only major company offering mtDNA relative matching and genealogical haplogroup projects...If you have a Native American mtDNA haplogroup from your FamilyTreeDNA FMS test send your FASTA file to <b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">cmbravi@yahoo.com.ar</span></b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>If you're not so interested in publishing on GenBank then take any of the following DNA tests to learn about your basic maternal haplogroup assignment: </li>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.23andme.com/"><span style="color: blue;"><b>23andMe</b></span></a> (<b>$99</b> US; <b><span style="color: red;">on sale $79</span></b>); or <b><a href="https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/"><span style="color: blue;">National Genographic 2.0 Helix</span></a> </b>(<b>$199</b> US; <b><span style="color: red;">on sale $69.95</span></b>); or <a href="https://www.livingdna.com/"><span style="color: blue;"><b>LivingDNA</b></span></a> (<b>$159</b> US; <b><span style="color: red;">on sale $99</span></b>) — each DNA test includes basic maternal haplogroup assignments with its personal genome service. <span style="color: red;"><b>Sales prices thru Mother's Day, May 13, 2018! </b></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
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<b style="color: blue; font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large;"> New Theory About Our Native American Ancestry</b></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBoF2801b_7B_heC-y43ExIoYzaDwjlsPFJNDxJAFPgcA1N_z0HgyrT8SMLzSgsmJt27edBhF4FIGBuPdJyMe8oDelOcBD2BZUuSsnInMgSKXhlE5mbmfwL9JhhgLEtrfRMXgl734Mdzg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-10-16+at+11.32.26+AM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBoF2801b_7B_heC-y43ExIoYzaDwjlsPFJNDxJAFPgcA1N_z0HgyrT8SMLzSgsmJt27edBhF4FIGBuPdJyMe8oDelOcBD2BZUuSsnInMgSKXhlE5mbmfwL9JhhgLEtrfRMXgl734Mdzg/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-10-16+at+11.32.26+AM.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From left to right: my great-grandaunt (and Clara Harvey's mother) <b>Jenny Jackson Van Nes</b>s; my great-grandaunt <b>Clara Jackson Van Horn</b>; and my great-grandmother <b>Mary Louise Jackson Winkey</b> </td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In my recent blog </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/2017/10/guide-to-building-your-family-haplotree.html" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">Guide to Building Your Family's Haplotree</span></a> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I revealed that my maternal grandfather's family had the ubiquitous Native American anecdote. </span><span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt;">According to my grandfather's first cousin Clara Harvey, their maternal grandmother Sophia Shipley, born 1862 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse,_New_Jersey"><span style="color: blue;">White House</span></a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunterdon_County,_New_Jersey"> <span style="color: blue;">Hunterdon county</span></a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"><span style="color: blue;">New Jersey</span></a>, actually knew her Native American relatives. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt;">My 2nd-great-grandmother <b>Sophia Shipley</b> married<b> Claiborne Jackson</b>, who migrated from Louisa Virginia, and together they </span><span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">had 11 children</span></span> — <span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">they all would have carried and passed to their children the </span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="color: red;">B2-T8736C</span></b><b style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: red;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">motif):</span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(1)</span></b> Ida<b>;</b> <span style="color: blue;"><b>(2)</b> </span>India; <b><span style="color: blue;">(3)</span></b> <span style="color: red;"><b>Jenny</b></span>; <b><span style="color: blue;">(4)</span></b> Nelson; <b><span style="color: blue;">(5)</span></b> Mabel; <b><span style="color: blue;">(6)</span> </b>Gladys; <span style="color: blue;"><b>(7)</b> </span><b><span style="color: red;">Clara</span></b>; </span><span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(8)</span></b></span><span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt;"> Leroy;</span><span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(9)</span></b> Claiborne Jr; <b><span style="color: blue;">(10)</span> </b>John, and <b><span style="color: blue;">(11)</span></b> </span><span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">Mary Louise</span> (my great-grandmother)</span><span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt;">. </span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 16px;">My own research shows that <b><span style="color: red;">Sophia Shipley</span></b> and her ancestors were free people of color with colonial roots in New Jersey. Sophia inherited </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">B2-T8736C</span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 16px;"> from her mother </span><b style="font-family: palatino; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: red;">Mary Jane Wyckoff</span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 16px;"> (born 1828 in NJ) and Mary Jane's mother </span><b style="font-family: palatino; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: red;">Jane Wyckoff</span></b><span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 16px;"> (born 1800 in NJ). They were all either described as "Colored," "Mulatto" or "Black" on most genealogical records.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">When I saw photos of my great-grandmother <b><span style="color: red;">Mary Louise</span></b> and two her siblings <b><span style="color: red;">Jenny</span></b> and <b><span style="color: red;">Clara</span></b> (all pictured above;</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;">Clara Harvey was named after her aunt Clara)</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, I knew there must be something to the family rumors. Although phenotypes are an unreliable indicator of ethnicity the faces of my ancestresses looked to have Native American and/or Asian influences.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;">From a historic standpoint the colonial New Jersey hinterland had an African presence (enslaved, indentured, freed and escaped) since the 1600's, and they intermixed with indigenous and European populations. Many came directly from Africa (Guinea Coast and Madagascar) while others arrived after first being seasoned in the Caribbean (Barbados). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">When cousin Clara tested at 23andMe in 2014, not only did she have a Native American maternal haplogroup, her results supported family rumors and New Jersey's history:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoi8JWhDK85bBhjaCTQGFpjA9EBPzvdsXt4lDvdcMvv5XcvNZqrwgv8obrveUFILfNLhZmIQBFY9ylS8KnAO6V9EQ8esx-WX3FibKwtNZlS2t1HcFwCHP9Snj_tuGToaU22q2xU58Ytds/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-05-06+at+1.18.06+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1268" data-original-width="1600" height="506" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoi8JWhDK85bBhjaCTQGFpjA9EBPzvdsXt4lDvdcMvv5XcvNZqrwgv8obrveUFILfNLhZmIQBFY9ylS8KnAO6V9EQ8esx-WX3FibKwtNZlS2t1HcFwCHP9Snj_tuGToaU22q2xU58Ytds/s640/Screen+Shot+2018-05-06+at+1.18.06+AM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />As you can see cousin Clara Harvey's total East Asian & Native American is 7.9%. However only 1.3% to 1.5% is Native American. The 6.1% Southeast Asian</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">—</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">the highest amount I've seen in an African-American profile<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">—</span>is separate and proven Madagascan ancestry.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">When I inquired about our specific Native American connection, cousin Clara and other relatives told me that my 2nd-great-grandmother Sophia Shipley was a <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_people"><span style="color: blue;">Mohawk</span></a></b>, </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">an </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquoian" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Iroquoian</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">-speaking </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">indigenous people</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">North America</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">and what's more there was a photo of her wearing buckskin shoes and holding a peace pipe. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Although New Jersey was historically inhabited by Algonquin-speaking <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape"><span style="color: blue;">Lenni Lenape</span></a> tribes, it would be reasonable to assume we could have </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_people"><span style="color: blue;">Mohawk</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> ancestry because they had long contact with the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">Lenni Lenape</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> of New Jersey and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahican">Mahican</a> people. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "palatino";">But I'm still am not satisfied with Mohawk. This is because mtDNA haplogroup <span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">B2</span>, one of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#mtDNA"><span style="color: blue;">founder haplogroups of the Americas</span></a>, is found most commonly today in southern US (ie North Carolina, Louisiana, Texas); Mexico, and Central & South America.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b> has </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">much lower frequency in Northeast USA </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">(see Roberta Estes</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://dna-explained.com/2017/03/02/new-native-american-mitochondrial-dna-haplogroups/" style="background-color: white;">here</a>). M</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ore recently <b><span style="color: red;">B2 </span></b>was discovered in an Alaskan ancient genome </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">(</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">see</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://www.livescience.com/52582-alaskan-burials-genetic-history.html" style="font-family: palatino;">LiveScience</a>)</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> and its basal sub-clade </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">B2c</span></b> has been found in Canada and Pennsylvania (see </span><a href="https://dna-explained.com/2016/03/14/native-american-haplogroup-b2c-discovered-in-the-eastern-us-and-canada/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">Estes</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">).</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">This suggests if our proposed mtDNA haplogroup </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">B2-T8736C</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> is derived from a </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_people" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: blue;">Mohawk</span></a><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">or </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">Lenni Lenape</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> ancestress, then it would represent a very ancient Native American <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b> lineage. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Cousin Clara's autosomal DNA results from such 3rd-party websites GEDmatch and DNA.Land below support her Native American ancestry clustering closely to South Amerindian/Amazonian reference populations: </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Since <span style="color: red;"><b>B2</b></span> sub-clades are found further south in the Americas, this opened up the possibility that our Native American foremother could have carried </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="color: red;">B2-T8736C </b>from a southern region where <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b> is much more common</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">:</span></div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscarora_people"><b><span style="color: blue;">Tuscarora peoples</span></b></a>, a First Nations and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquoian">Iroquoian</a>-speaking tribe, migrated to New Jersey on their way to New York during The Tuscarora War fought in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina">North Carolina</a> from September 22, 1711, until February 11, 1715, between the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain">British</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic">Dutch</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire">German</a> settlers and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscarora_(tribe)">Tuscarora</a> Native Americans. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscarora_people"><span style="color: blue;">Tuscarora</span></a> migrated north to New York where they joined their Iroquoian cousins, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois">Five Nations</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois_Confederacy">Iroquois Confederacy</a>. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Caribs"><span style="color: blue;">Black Caribs</span></a></b><span style="color: blue;"> </span>were African slaves who mixed with indigenous peoples of places like Barbados, Dominica, St.Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad, etc. Since many enslaved Africans were first seasoned in the Caribbean, it is possible for them to have first mixed with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Caribs"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Island Caribs</b></span></a> before disembarking in New York and New Jersey where one became our ancestress. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Caribs"><span style="color: blue;">Island Caribs</span></a> originally descend from South America where <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b> is widespread.</li>
</ul>
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<b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: red;">King Genome's New Theory: </span><span style="color: blue;">How 'bout them "Spanish Indians"?</span></b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Based on Cousin Clara's <b><span style="color: red;">B2-T8736C</span></b> GenBank matches to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvians">Peruvian</a> [JX669283, Tito, 09-OCT-2013], another unidentified match, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayapo">Kayapo peoples of Brazil</a> [EU095217, Fagundes, 07-MAR-2008], where <b><span style="color: red;">T8736C</span></b> was found in a <b><span style="color: red;">B2i1 </span></b>sequence, as well as cousin Clara's Native American admixture clustering to Amazonia, it's reasonable to assume our indigenous ancestress may have been from a more southern source. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">As it turns out there is another southern Americas sourced possibility where our family's </span><b style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">B2-T8736C</b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> could've derived, and it has to do with New York and New Jersey's unique history with slavery, black market slave traders, and the obscure fact of European colonial powers enslaving Native Americans.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Some years ago I learned about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(city)">Veracruz</a>, Mexico, being a slave trading post where Africans were routinely taken to slave markets in the southern US. My African Winkey ancestors from Virginia had arrived there by way of Veracruz. Could some of the enslaved indigenous peoples from Veracruz have been shipped to New Jersey? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In the late 1600's slavery in New York and </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">New Jersey waned after the English Crown took over from Dutch and the demand for slave labor in the South grew exponentially. As a result New York and New Jersey did not have fully developed slave laws until the first decade of the 18th century. Yet there still was a demand for slaves, especially after Barbadian planters migrated to the area for new economic prospects: </span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"Because the [English] Royal African Company, formed as a monopoly in 1664 to supply slaves to the English Colonies, largely ignored New York and New Jersey, colonists obtained most slaves from local adventurers and pirates plying the Madagascar Coast, in single consignments from the West Indies, and directly from Africa." [Hodges, Graham R. "Root & Branch: African Americans in New York and East Jersey, 1613-1863." University of North Carolina Press, 1999.]</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">New York and New Jersey colonists turned to "local adventurers" and pirates whose slaves were obtained through "illegal" means and who may have come from places other than West Africa. As such colonists enslaved local indigenous peoples and bought those kidnapped from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(city)">Veracruz </a>and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeche_City">Campeche</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico">Mexico</a>; they were known as <span style="color: red;"><b>Spanish Indians</b></span> and they practiced Catholicism due to Spain's colonial influence in their homeland. Many runaway ads showed that indigenous people were indeed a part of the region's eclectic slave society:</span><br />
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<br />Here is a Slave Voyages 2.0 manifest for arrivals in New Jersey and you can see some enslaved Africans came directly from Gambia and Madagascar: <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHkiaMFNF61w-9ZNFKXFkgmm3ajeSYmaM5j6oe4wfWDqN62KstqzSig3XJ_8L51kG6ryn3bVqE7G8K4cwJVLLwI8MYJ4M1yAjLMXsqBznSL6XUg_3W2sqv570uyc-IqY_qLVDxrz6qA-o/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-03-21+at+8.05.23+PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHkiaMFNF61w-9ZNFKXFkgmm3ajeSYmaM5j6oe4wfWDqN62KstqzSig3XJ_8L51kG6ryn3bVqE7G8K4cwJVLLwI8MYJ4M1yAjLMXsqBznSL6XUg_3W2sqv570uyc-IqY_qLVDxrz6qA-o/s640/Screen+Shot+2019-03-21+at+8.05.23+PM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Eventually</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> a diplomatic dilemma about the legal status of these captive <span style="color: red;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Spanish Indians</span></b> </span> forced the English Crown to base slave identity on "race":</span></div>
<div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"On December 8, 1679, Governor Edmund Andros ruled that enslaving local American Indians was illegal but holding blacks in bondage was permissible....Yet in New York and New Jersey, race was an issue complicated by ethnicity and religion. Despite the governor’s edict, local masters continued to enslave Indians. Andros’s edict also failed to solve the vexing diplomatic problem of kidnapped free Spanish Indians, a dilemma with international implications. Privateers’ sales of Spanish Indians as slaves in New York contradicted English colonial policy....The legal dilemma of Spanish nationals resurfaced in 1687 when the New York Colonial Council ordered that “Christian Indians and children of Christian Parents from Campeche and Vera Cruz” be liberated." [ibid, Hodges]</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">One of the potential black market slave traders carried a surname common my family, Van Horn. </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoorn" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Nicholas van Hoorn</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> (b. circa 1635 in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlissingen" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Vlissingen</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> – buried 24 June 1683, in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Mujeres" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Isla Mujeres</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">) was a Dutch merchant sailor, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privateer" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">privateer</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">pirate</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. Van Hoorn was engaged in the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Dutch</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> merchant service from about 1655 until 1659, often dealing the New York and New Jersey slave market potentially with colonists and relatives with the Van Hoorn surname. </span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Interestingly<span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"> Cousin Clara Harvey</span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">'s namesake maternal aunt married an African-American Van Horn, and we appear have collateral genetic European connections to them too. The town of White House, Hunterdon, New Jersey, where my ancestors lived, was founded by Abraham Van Horne.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">After accumulating wealth Van Hoorn bought his own vessel, and afterward he and his bandits became a terror to the commerce of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Dutch Republic</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> and the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Spanish Empire</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Van Hoorn was also determined to gain the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">French</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> part of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Hispaniola</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Island (Haiti). Eventually Van Hoorn took a commission from Hispaniola's French governor to attack </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">Vera Cruz</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">,</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> a 1683 raid against its port. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thus Van Hoorn is likely one of the kidnappers of the Spanish Indians of Veracruz, transporting them to colonial New York and New Jersey where they were sold off</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">—to potentially become one of my ancestors</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I suspect after the <b><span style="color: red;">Spanish Indians</span></b> were freed some of them remained in the New York and New Jersey area mixing with African enslaved, runaway and free people of color communities, as well as local indigenous peoples where they may have been adopted by and taken on the identity of a tribe like the <b><span style="color: red;">Mohawk</span></b>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Genetically, indigenous people from the Veracruz and Campeche area are of Mayan extract and today they cluster with both Mesoamerica—often used as its reference sample—and South Amerindians. More importantly one of these <b><span style="color: red;">Spanish Indians</span></b> could have been our ancestress bearing the unique MtDNA motif </span><b style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">B2-T8736C</b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><br /><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">OUTRO</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I've invested a lot of time into learning more about my maternal grandfather's Native American origins since I discovered his first cousin </span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">Clara Harvey</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> carried Native American mtDNA haplogroup </span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">After publication of my <a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/2017/10/guide-to-building-your-family-haplotree.html">Guide to Building Your Family's Haplotree</a> I began a quest to find out more information so we published our family's <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b> sequence to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/">GenBan</a><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/">k</a>. During the course of this process I learned that our family's mtDNA <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b> haplogroup has a new name, <b><span style="color: red;">B2-T8736C</span></b>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">At present my challenge is to get our family's<b><span style="color: red;"> B2 </span></b>motif officially recognized by included it on <a href="http://www.phylotree.org/">Phylotree.org</a>. Since cousin Clara son's <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/">GenBan</a><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/">k</a> submission marks the 3rd distinct sequence of its kind, and the mutation <span style="color: red;"><b>T8736C</b></span> occurs about 20 times on <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/">GenBan</a><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/">k</a>, making it a good subgroup definer for <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b>, the submission meets the requirements for a new node on <a href="http://www.phylotree.org/">Phylotree.org</a>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I've pontificated potential sources of our Native American matrilineal line—from Mohawks to Spanish Indians—but a dearth in Native American testes generally makes this task insurmountable. This is why it remains crucial for relatives from my maternal grandfather's family to participate in DNA testing.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">So far Mannis van Oven of </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.phylotree.org/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">Phylotree.org</span></a> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">has not returned my inquiries, and </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I'm sure he and the other administrators are busy. Yet I will keep trying. O</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ur family simply desires to give our 95-year-old family matriarch </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">Clara Harvey</span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> her flowers while she can still smell them.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></div>
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TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-74505800912309276612018-04-16T16:57:00.000-07:002018-04-21T15:01:05.159-07:00MyHeritage Adoption Program Goes Global <div style="text-align: center;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVSocEXL5KAsvGMFem16pWnU5vGr0QXOsPgf48c9cWRUo6VHcZZ9Mymk2toe753bXn8tQ7JxM25CIkDpVNSqY7f5VNdxpv75MX754arQuhXDVnj2dKb6yPzyqAnWSuBtPer7Kmuny-7QM/s640/unnamed.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Source: MyHeritage.com</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I must say </span><a href="https://www.myheritage.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;" target="_blank">MyHeritage</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> is thee new rockstar DNA company and it continues to impress:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In March 2018, <a href="https://www.myheritage.com/" target="_blank">MyHeritage</a> launched <a href="http://www.dnaquest.org/" target="_blank">DNA Quest</a>,"a new pro bono initiative to help adoptees and their birth families reunite through genetic testing." </span><a href="http://www.dnaquest.org/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;" target="_blank">DNA Quest</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, first available in the United States, received such an outstanding response that the program is now being expanded globally! </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">According to </span><a href="https://www.myheritage.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;" target="_blank">MyHeritage</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">: </span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The initiative, initially launched in the USA only, received an amazing response. More than 10,000 applications were submitted so far to receive free DNA kits, from the quota of 15,000 free DNA kits pledged by </span><a href="https://www.myheritage.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;" target="_blank">MyHeritage</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, worth more than one million dollars.<br /> <br />Being that the deadline for submissions is the end of April 2018 and there are still about 3 more weeks to go, and in light of the many requests we received from the community to expand DNA Quest worldwide, we decided to increase the scope of the project, from USA-only to global.</span> </blockquote>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>This means that people are now eligible to participate in DNA Quest regardless of their place of residence and regardless of where the adoption took place. </b></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Remember the <b>deadline</b> to participate in </span><a href="https://www.myheritage.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;" target="_blank">MyHeritage</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><a href="http://www.dnaquest.org/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;" target="_blank">DNA Quest</a> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">is </span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">April 30, 2018</b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. So if you're interested in this important initiative please visit </span><a href="http://www.dnaquest.org/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">www.dnaquest.org</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> NOW to enroll. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">You can read more at <a href="https://hs-3454136.t.hubspotemail.net/e1t/c/*W4W-RZ212Sj_JW42Mdq51g4vQk0/*W6wqxHZ2FM5wDW3Lp3Vg7tfn4l0/5/f18dQhb0SbTK8XJ91zN7jcl8RHyjJqW3LQ4pW1pwWYFN3hHhcDXL0jYVnQ9Qq8ZQc51W549yP28ZVgpnN2b-M2Kwts8ZW4bJ02h4b_rKwW7MbC3Q9crtGVVrJwCB54SwcbVJ2dtV2yJF1WVYT2jk6P4lCXW6hFc9L69NG1wW6Pr5q24MW8X3W4r1Pm71nq9qSW18CJB41VJrykW5lX8fq13bD4hW6dkdFq755XMXW6wyhnD49B7RkN3nxvHcsN90XW6VRF-24cQ1m5W7H_wgy7LplHcW4d278T8gfJ-BW4bvzQ374V3nkVwm9NN4CBpPlW2MkQYf1Vg670W3pC7tt7H_6mPW3ny6gj33cYwbW1gtvd_5lj98sW6fy84F1hZqGsW49B7ld5ZwzfHN2cgm0ny9d1KVcPY218dt2KXW4Pw1Vk2sbPxnW29BfWb3L_2KKW3VVf4b3VPc9rW2TtBmV4DRKkxW7k2mzN96L2ljW30Hpx612tzGRW6Jjmxd3V7wPKW4LTCS966vgS-W6QJcHq7T4j47W7W04Vq3QzSg8VQN_Tj6Yr6yZf3kz7hv04">MyHeritage blog</a> but here's some quick information about the project:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Who can participate</span></b><br />Participation in DNA Quest is open to adoptees seeking to find their biological family members, or anyone looking for a family member placed for adoption. Preference will be given to those unable to afford genetic testing, and to those who apply first.<br /><b><br /><span style="color: blue;">How to apply</span></b><br />Adoptees and family members searching for their biological relatives can apply for a free <a href="https://www.myheritage.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;" target="_blank">MyHeritage</a> DNA kit at <a href="https://www.dnaquest.org/">DNAQuest.org</a> through <b>April 30, 2018</b>. Participants will be selected, and their free DNA kits will be shipped to them by the end of May 2018. Results are expected as early as July 2018.</span><br />
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<li><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">King Genome's Tip: </span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">If you've already tested at another DNA company, you can </span><a href="https://www.myheritage.com/dna/upload" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">upload your DNA data</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> to <a href="https://www.myheritage.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;" target="_blank">MyHeritage</a> for FREE.</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I wish you all abundant success and great luck with your search!</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>###End###</b></span></span></div>
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TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-8951090578382903372018-03-17T18:29:00.000-07:002018-05-08T15:37:33.243-07:00Finding Your Wakanda Africa with DNA Testing<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The instantly iconic Marvel Comics film <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_(film)">Black Panther</a> (2018) sparked an epic socio-cultural movement by the masses to take pride in their African roots, to don haute tribal couture, and even hold voter registration drives at movie theaters. Featuring a mostly Black cast and a young African-American director, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Coogler">Ryan Coogler</a>, the nascent epic triggered one of those <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Gladwell">Malcolm Gladwell</a> tipping points—an uplifting of our collective self-image; a renewed conversation sparked between African-Americans and continental Africans about their connection, and a vibrant curiosity in people lusting to find their specific African roots. <br /><br />It harkened me back to my adolescence when I was known as "The Great Black One" and became the first student at my famous high school ("Lean On Me") to found an African-American club. My conscience allowed me to exude the same African pride I'm seeing today. Of course my <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_(comics)">T'Challa</a> then was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunta_Kinte">Kunte Kinte</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinka_people">Mandinka</a> warrior from the village of Juffra in present-day <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia">Gambia</a>. <br /><br />I knew it would be nearly impossible to find a paper trail like that of Alex Haley's "factional" <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots:_The_Saga_of_an_American_Family">Roots</a> because the proof was invisible, scarce and scant...we didn't even have the internet. Yet I've always carried within me an innate desire to know more about the beauty, culture, identity, and power that was raped from us. Can I now find my pot of Kwandan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibranium">vibranium</a>, or was it forever plundered like Akan gold? </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />It wasn't until 2012 as genetic genealogist "King Genome" that I discovered I can use DNA testing to find the specific tribal origins of my enslaved African ancestors. In this blog I'm going to discuss <b><span style="color: blue;">(1)</span></b> how to identify your genetic African relatives; <b><span style="color: blue;">(2)</span></b> you'll "meet" four of my African cousins, and <b><span style="color: blue;">(3)</span></b> I'll tell you about a fascinating African named Ari Van Guinea, who became the richest Black man in New Jersey 50 years before the US Revolutionary War.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Me as "The Great Black One" at Eastside High School, Paterson, NJ, circa 1990 </td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Wakanda, Africa, is not a real place. Academic Jelani Cobb wrote in his <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/black-panther-and-the-invention-of-africa">New Yorker magazine review</a>: "Africa—or, rather, “Africa”—is a creation of a white world and the literary, academic, cinematic, and political mechanisms that it used to give mythology the credibility of truth. No such nation as Wakanda exists on the map of the continent, but that is entirely beside the point."<br /><br />For the majority of African descendants in the Americas our "Africa" might as well be in Wakanda because our actual ethnic origins felt like a sort of mythical—and stereotypical—place often shaped by what we saw on TV, absorbed in schools, read in books or ingrained in our psyche by a society still shackled by the psychological chains of chattel slavery. A desert. A disease. A famine. A jungle. A place with primitive people who lived somewhere in the Motherland. <br /><br />I certainly didn't learn about real-life kingdoms like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire">Manden Kurufaba</a> (Mali Empire), or the fierce <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahomey_Amazons">Dahomey Amazons</a> of Benin, or the fact that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> has never been colonized by Europeans. Or that Africa has lush and luxe beauty. Black Panther director Coogler as co-writer was brilliant to draw on these factual gems to create a desirable place to claim like Wakanda. <br /><br />I was raised around African immigrant communities in the New York City area, and exposed to great Africana intellectuals (Drs. John Henrik Clarke, Wendell Holbrook, Said Samatar, Yosef Ben-Johchannan, Amiri Baraka, Clement A. Price) during my college years at Rutgers University. But in my home ghetto there was no common fellowshipping between Africans and African-Americans about our blood connection to the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. The concept seemed to be as foreign to them as their (and our) ancestral homeland was to us. <br /><br />The point is it took a heroic landmark film about a Black Marvel Comics superhero and an imaginary African utopia to get the masses interested in using DNA testing as a tool to learn about their true Africa. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Let's start our Sankofa... </b></span><br />
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<a name='more'></a><u style="color: blue; font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>INTRO TO FINDING AFRICAN DNA MATCHES</b></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">To begin your search for African ancestors who were likely brought here as a result of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade you're required to put yourself in a certain psyche—free of judgment, absurd Eurocentric conventions, cultural appropriation, social constructs and other subterfuge. You must understand that the ethnogenesis of Africa and forced peopling of the Americas is severally complex. So before we get started there's 4 points we must first confront: </span><br />
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<li style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">We are Pan Africans.</b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Most of us never knew our specific roots to Africa so we adopted a <i>de facto</i> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Africanism" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Pan-African </a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">identity. As it turns out we were right all along. African descendants in the Americas come from many tribes, ethnic groups and biogeography—mostly western Africa but also eastern, northern, southern and island Africa (ie Cabo Verde, Madagascar, Sao Tome & Principe, Zanzibar) too. During the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Trans-Atlantic slave trade</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> European colonial powers like the Portuguese, Spanish, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Dutch West India Company</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> and British </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_African_Company" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Royal African Company</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> traded with African rulers</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. Once enslaved Africans were disembarked in the Americas, they were frequently sold off to other regions, families were ripped apart, and there was widespread </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">slave breeding</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. Some enslaved Africans were first seasoned in the Caribbean islands </span>(ie <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Barbados</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Curacao</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">) before arriving in U.S., or they were intercepted due to piracy and the "black market</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">." Indigenous Africans were also ethnically mixed before arriving here. Events like the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_expansion" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Bantu Expansion</a>; <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Indonesian settlement in Madagascar; </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_slave_trade" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Arabic Indian Ocean slave trade</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">; </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Trans-Saharan trading route</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Spread of Islam</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, as well as historic inter- and intra-tribal trading and warfare ensured opportunity for African populations to mingle. </span></li>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Claiming False Identities. </b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">"Woke" folks (Afrocentrists, Hotep's) have taken Pan-Africanism to another level by erroneously claiming roots to ancient Egyptians or Hebrew Israelites without real proof of such connections. Although scientific studies detect an ancient black African presence in North Africa (see <a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2018/03/14/science.aar8380">Loosdrecht et al</a>, <a href="https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13059-018-1393-5"><span style="color: blue;">D'Atanasio et al</span></a>, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms15694">Schuenemann et al</a>), these ancient Africans are likely not related to us. Likewise there's a Jewish component in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemba_people"><span style="color: blue;">Lemba people</span></a> of Zimbabwe, but they were not involved in the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">African roots-seekers must understand that modern-day nations didn't exist during our slave era and names of ethnic groups of today may have changed. Therefore it is imperative to study the history of tribes, be respectful of how they self-identify, and rational about what set you claim (pun intended).</span></li>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Chasing Phantom Surnames. </b>Surnames present a special obstacle for genealogy researchers of enslaved African ancestors. For example females who were allowed to marry during and immediately after slavery often didn't have a last name or took on the surname name of her husband or enslaver. After emancipation formerly enslaved Africans often changed their surnames or adopted new ones. Unlike European-descended men who are able to trace their Y-chromosome DNA to surname pedigrees dating before 16th century, African descended men with African-specific paternal haplogroups run into a dead end during slavery era because of surnames with no biological relationship to them. [See my</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/2017/10/guide-to-building-your-family-haplotree.html" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">Guide to Building Your Family's Haplotree</span></a>]</li>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Ethnicity Estimates. </b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Many people take a DNA test, see a certain ethnicity percentage (ie 20% Nigerian) and use it to claim a tribe (Igbo). <i>Nope. </i>Bluntly <u><span style="color: red;"><b>ethnicity estimates will NOT identify your specific tribe</b></span></u>. Y</span>our ethnicity percentages won't literally mean you’re related to or have any genealogical connection whatsoever to that specific ethnicity. By design ethnicity estimates only offer a speculative analysis based on the statistical probability of how similar your DNA is to a selected set of reference populations. Another problem is genetically distinct African reference populations (Fula and Igbo) are grouped broadly by biogeography (West African) so not very ancestry informative. </span>AncestryDNA states, </span><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">"<span style="color: blue;">...w</span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="box-sizing: inherit;">hile a prediction of genetic ethnicity from this region suggests a connection to the groups occupying this location, it is not conclusive evidence of membership to any particular tribe or ethnic group.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #36322d; font-size: 16px;">"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> [For best use of admixture estimates see my </span><a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/2015/05/ethnicity-chromosome-mapping.html" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Ethnicity Chromosome Mapping</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">]</span></li>
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<b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><u>FINDING AFRICAN MATCHES USING DNA TESTS</u></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>The following 5 (five) STEPS will help you identify your African relatives:</b></span><br />
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<li><span style="color: red; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>King Genome's Decree:</b></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Culinary Historian <b>Michael Twitty</b>, author of </span><a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/p/the-cooking-gene-by-michael-twitty.html" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">The Cooking Gene</span></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">, and genealogist <b>Hasani Carter-Nze</b> have not only used the methods below to contact their matches, they've met them on African soil. </span></li>
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<b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">STEP 1: Choosing the Right DNA Test</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I always tell people to test at <i>ALL</i> major DNA companies offering</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <a href="https://isogg.org/wiki/Autosomal_DNA">Autosomal DNA</a> (atDNA) testing, <span style="background-color: white; color: #141823;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">a two-prong analysis which<b> (1) </b>provides<b> </b>an estimate of your ethnic admixture broken down into percentages, and<b> (2)</b> matches you to biological relatives going back about 500 years; </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">see <span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/2015/03/the-3-types-of-dna-tests-for-ancestry.html"><span style="color: blue;">Types of DNA Testing</span></a>. </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">You must expose yourself to as many genetic relatives as possible to optimize your chances of meeting an African cousin. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px;">S</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">o atDNA testing is perfect for detecting African relatives who may share common ancestry from the Trans-Atlantic slave trade era. </span><b>Here's my TOP Recommendations</b><b>:</b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </b></div>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: blue;"> </span><a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a></span><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">(</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>$99 U.S. for ancestry-only</b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">) has ~5 million testers and many continental Africans in their database due to successful recruitment initiatives like the <b><span style="color: red;">current</span></b> </span><a href="https://www.23andme.com/global-genetics/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">2018 Global Genetics Project</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> and </span><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/23andme-research/the-african-genetics-project/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">2016 African Genetics Project</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, both which tested (for free) people whose grandparents were born in African countries connected to the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. </span><a href="https://www.23andme.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">23andMe</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> has been progressive about improving African genetic diversity with such past efforts as </span><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/news/announcements/roots-into-the-future/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">Roots Into The Future Projec</span>t</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> and </span><a href="https://blog.23andme.com/23andme-research/african-american-sequencing-project/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">African American Sequencing Project</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. </span><a href="https://www.23andme.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">23andMe</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> includes your haplogroup assignments (low resolution) with your ancestry reports. Offers a chromosome browser, triangulation tools and exceptional chromosome painting. </span></li>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.ancestry.com/"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a> </span></b>(<span style="color: red;"><b>$79 U.S.</b></span>) has ~7 million testers in their ever-multiplying database, well over 1 billion records (<span style="color: red;"><b>requires subscription</b></span>) and family-tree building program. By sheer numbers alone you be guaranteed to find a biological African cousin. AncestryDNA has the most granular African breakdown and builds their reference populations based on modern-day nations ensuring diverse representation. Has "Mutual Matches" (in common with) tool but is missing crucial chromosome browser and triangulation tools. </span></li>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.gedmatch.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><b>Gedmatch</b></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> (</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>FREE raw data upload</b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">) is a utility with a database of DNA testers, including continental Africans, from all the major DNA companies. In this way you can compare yourself to customers who didn't test at same place as you. Allows for advanced triangulation and phasing for optimal sharing/matching capabilities. </span></li>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Honorable Mentions: <a href="https://www.myheritage.com/site-249104711/oakley"><span style="color: blue;">MyHeritage</span></a> </b>(<span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">free raw data upload or $69 US</span>) is a newcomer autosomal-DNA test on the market. Growing as fast as Black Panther's box office sales, it has over 1.2 millions customers so Africans will eventually show up there too. Offers cutting-edge chromosome browser, triangulation tools, family tree building and access to genealogy records (fees apply). <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/"><b><span style="color: blue;">FamilyTreeDNA</span></b></a> (<span style="color: red;"><b>from $79 US or selective free transfer</b></span>) is a major player offering excellent genealogy tools and projects to optimize your genetic genealogy experience. But has lower number of African atDNA testers. Offers the best mtDNA and Y-DNA testing on market.</span></li>
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<b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">King Genome's Tip:</span></b><span style="color: red; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">While waiting on your DNA results, spend some time learning about how genetic ancestry works [join my Facebook groups <span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/201329460443626/"><span style="color: blue;">Africana Genetic Genealogy Consortium</span></a> </span>(advanced level)<span style="color: blue;">,</span></span> <span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/1270364649776861/"><span style="color: blue;">African Diaspora Ancestry Explorer: Cypher</span></a>]</span>; study the local histories of your ancestors; as well as search databases like </span><a href="http://www.slavevoyages.org/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">slavevoyages.org</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, and genealogy collections like this one from the Louisiana Slave Records:</span><br />
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>STEP 2: Filtered Searches</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">My recommended DNA tests each provide a search function (some work better than others) with their genetic matching feature. Since your African matches may not be immediately visible, you'll have to perform a filtered search to find them. Use these tips: </span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Do a search by location (ie African country or city) to see if any matches show up with listing the information. </span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Do a page-by-page search of your genetic matches looking for African names, ethnicity (100% African admixture results) or nationality identifying information, family trees listing African surnames. Start first with your last page of matches and go forward because your African matches will likely appear there first.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Always check for new matches, annotate and "star" potential African match profiles.</span></li>
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<b><span style="color: blue;">STEP 3: Weighing the "Strength" of the DNA Match </span></b><br />
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Since most of our African ancestors arrived in the Americas between the 16th and 19th centuries this means most of our African matches should show up as distant relatives (4th cousins or higher). However distant matches can be troublesome because they may not be real or impossible to trace. Knowing how much DNA you share with a match AND whether the match shares DNA with your other DNA tested relatives is required to confirm a African match. As you explore your matches here are the main strength tests you must apply:<br />
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<li style="text-align: left;"><b>LEGITIMATE MATCHING THRESHOLD —</b>DNA segment size matters. The general acceptable genetic genealogy standard for a legitimate match (identical by descent) is sharing DNA segments <b><span style="color: red;">7 centimorgan (cM) / 700 SNPs</span></b> (@ 1cM per 100 SNPs) <b><span style="color: red;">or higher</span></b>. Any DNA relative sharing below this acceptable threshold is prone to a high rate of being false positive (identical by state), or impossible to verify because your DNA relative shares the same exact DNA segment with hundreds of other people (identical by population). As such you will commonly share between <b><span style="color: red;">7cM/700 SNPs</span></b> (5-7th cousin range) and<b><span style="color: red;"> ~20cM /2000 SNPs</span></b> (4-5th cousin range) with African relatives connected to the Middle Passage. Genetic genealogy experts recommend working with matches sharing <span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">above </span><span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">10cM /1000 SNPs </span>with the largest single segment size 10cM, for the most reliable genetic relationship.<i> </i><i><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: blue;">NEVER lower the Gedmatch cM/SNP default to force a match.</span></span></i></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>PHASING — </b>If you and your parent(s) take a DNA test (preferably at the same service), then you’ll be able to determine which parent through which you share an African; this process is known as phasing. In general sharing a DNA match with a parent increases the odds that the kinship is legitimate. Testing your parent's parent would increase the strength of your DNA match...pointedly if all of you share DNA with the match at the same chromosomal location. Phasing across generations can be used to affirmatively prove and disprove DNA matches.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>TRIANGULATION</b> <b>—</b> Another great way to confirm the legitimacy of a DNA match is through triangulation. If you, your African match, and other close DNA-tested relatives share overlapping segment(s) at the same chromosomal location then it’s extremely likely you all share a common African ancestor. Also smaller segment matches (sharing <10cM /1000 SNPs) can be easier to be confirm or disprove with triangulation. </li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>IN COMMON WITH (ICW) — </b>If you share your African DNA match with other known DNA-tested relatives, it may strengthen the possibility that your African match is real and determine what particular branch of your family it may be on. However ICW comparisons are not as reliable as triangulation and must be scrutinized. For example you and a cousin may share DNA with a mutual African match on different chromosomal locations suggesting the African match may be related to your cousin in an entirely different way by coincidence. </li>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">STEP 4: Confirming Your DNA Match is Actually "African"</span></b><br /><br />Just because your genetic match has a high amount of African DNA, it does not mean your match is of recent African descent. Some people in the U.S., Caribbean and Central/South America can show as much as African admixture as continental Africans. Take a look at the admixture estimates of my DNA match who tested at both 23andMe and AncestryDNA:</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="686" data-original-width="780" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKMUaG9NFEeDjtP6qo5uGp3uBNv4ZvurvW6z_7h2_vpWjQpkkL5rKn1vptc07QqAvBOkoVy47HpRGcV77js968TTuIWtAfxjg0MkOvoRAqnZ3DoHtny5Bhuo5cu9ehw0uHSJayUP3dgO8/s400/Ella+Singleton+and+me+redacted.png" width="400" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">23andMe 100% African ancestry profile match - Ancestry Composition comparison to me</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">AncestryDNA 100% African ancestry profile match to my father </td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">My match shows ~100% African admixture on 23andMe and AncestryDNA. The 23andMe report shows her ethnicity profile vs. mines, but the AncestryDNA results show her amount of shared DNA with my father. The match shares too much DNA (3 segments, 25.2 cM) with my father for her to be of recent African ancestry. Further the match has a lot of major African Ethnicity subregions; continental African profiles usually average 2 or 3. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">After contacting my match I learned that she is from </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Lowcountry" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">South Carolina Lowcountry</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> where African-Americans have the highest amount of African ancestry on average (see </span><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929714004765" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Bryc et al</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">). </span></div>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: red;">King Genome's Tip: </span></b>Check out <b>Fonte Felipe</b>'s excellent blog <span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://tracingafricanroots.wordpress.com/"><span style="color: blue;">Tracing African Roots</span></a> </span>to view an array of African DNA profiles.</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">STEP 5: Contacting Your African DNA Match</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The final step is perhaps the most emotional and challenging. Once you've identified a potential African match, you must attempt to contact them. You must verify any that information your match provides. Please use these quick tips for successful initial contact: </span><br />
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<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Do </b>take time to craft a short, thoughtful response to your DNA match. Be sure to include information about your family, locations, links to family tree, etc. Messages that are vague or too long may be ignored by your match. </li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Do</b> ask your match if he/she is of recent African descent and <b><u><span style="color: red;">if he/she is comfortable revealing</span></u></b> his/her specific tribe(s), ethnic group(s), nation(s) and family/clan surnames. </li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Do</b> be aware of any cultural and language differences between you and the match. Your match may have problems understanding you or what you're trying to convey (and vice versa). </li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Do</b> be very patient with hearing from matches. The match (or account administrator) may not check their messages for a variety of reasons: no interest, loss of password, family issues, illness, death, etc. It's OK to send another message in about 6 to 8 weeks.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Don't </b>ask for personal information (address, birthday, marital status, alien status etc).</li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Don't </b>express a sense of entitlement (your match owes you nothing) or expect your match to know how they connect to you. </li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Don't</b> stalk, pressure or force your matches into communicating with you or giving up their family information. </li>
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<u style="color: blue; font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>My Wakanda, AFRICA, Roots </b></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The moment of truth is here. I present four of <b>my</b></span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"> African DNA matches</b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> and get to tell you about a fascinating man named </span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Ari Van Guinea</b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. Let the voices inside my head guide you (</span><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">and enjoy the mood song below</i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">):</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: red;">AFRICAN MATCH #1</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I discovered this African match on AncestryDNA. We are considered a "moderate" because we only share 8cM on one segment. This might be a connection to an earlier part of Trans-Atlantic slave trade. He doesn't match any of my other known DNA relatives or father: </span><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="1418" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLyV4qUSZQdtbRIGUekhUpFgyPLmiy7Z962fV85s6DvWU30dDLrva1Ahg7-RKGW_rl7EnQLl2bzL2QE-nxk0AKPR95Nijtn2yth8Wda9HBMiw0kTG-3zRPK1QOs9-3ezATdHrQoNLhADQ/s640/Cameroon+Match.png" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;" width="640" /><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Based on my match's Ethnicity Estimate, Cameroon/Congo and African Southeastern Bantu comprise the majority of his admixture. Luckily AncestryDNA has a new feature that compares our Ethnicity Estimate to our DNA matches. His admixture proportions indicate recent Cameroonian ancestry: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I made successful contact with the match, and he hails from Douala, Cameroon. He belongs to the Duala ethnic group which includes many sub-groups. His father is Abo and his mother is Abo and Ewodi. He also indicated the further he went back in his pedigree, the more he found roots to other Duala ethnic groups. He was gracious enough to provide me his family surnames, too.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>More About the Tribe(s)</b></span><br />
<b>Tribe: </b>Abo, Ewodi</div>
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<b>Ethnic Group: </b>Duala</div>
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<b>Biogeography:</b> Douala, Littoral region, Cameroon</div>
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<b>Related Groups:</b> Bodiman, Pongo, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakole_people">Bakole</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakweri">Bakweri</a> (or Kwe), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboko">Bamboko</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isubu">Isubu</a> (Isuwu or Bimbians), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_people_(Cameroon)">Limba</a> (or Malimba), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungo_people">Mungo</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wovea">Wovea</a> [Wikipedia]</div>
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<b><b>Connection to Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade:</b></b></div>
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"The Duala had long kept and traded slaves, who lived in separate settlements and performed menial tasks such as cultivation. Slave owners could only trade their slaves to other Duala, however, and owners were responsible for paying their slaves' debts and arranging their marriages. With the Europeans providing such a hungry market, however, these customs gave way. The main Duala villages soon grew into a prospering township named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douala">Douala</a> for the people who lived there. The coastal Duala purchased goods and slaves from interior groups such as the Bakweri, Mungo, Bassa and Bakoko. In turn, they sold these items to the Europeans, typically aboard their ships (and later at mainland factories or stores). In exchange, the Europeans provided alcohol, gunpowder, guns, mirrors, shoes, textiles, and tools." [Wikipedia]</div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I'm not sure if I'm Ewodi, Abo, or related tribes but I assume it's on my maternal side of the family. However I can affirm our shared DNA represents a common ancestor from the Duala ethnic group. It makes sense because they live on the coast and was involved in slave trading with the Portuguese followed by the British. By the mid-1700's the area where our common ancestor was likely taken from was known as Bight of Biafra and included 3 ports, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bonny">Bonny</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabari_Kingdom">Elem Kalabari</a> (or New Calabar) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Calabar">Old Calabar</a>, accounting over 90% of enslaved people from this area. There's also the possibility this ancestry could be from the early-18th century and theoretically an interior Duala tribe via the Wouri and Senega rivers whose progeny now identify as Abo and/or Ewodi today.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><b><span style="color: red;">AFRICAN MATCH #2 </span></b><br /><br />On 23andMe, I got a good African DNA match who shares with me 13cM's on one DNA segment as well as triangulates with my father and brother at the same chromosomal location further strengthening that our shared DNA is legit and on my paternal side of the family. The match also shares DNA with 16 other relatives who share ancestry on my father's maternal side:</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">According to my match's 23andMe profile we are predicted to be possibly 5th cousins sharing 4th great-grandparents (most of mines would've been enslaved), and most tellingly my match listed the birthplace of all 4 four grandparents being born in Nigeria:</span></div>
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<img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="740" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBf6DXZkDwDmzvFcbBKKab3RRtztLT-m-aDmjVG6n8zJQCuO2OGtIgBtKpU-1JvXiNFFtsO3JXiHOEnOaGj9vqE4MzxgS5BQTWesbpbs-8cNzTC5clq8qMl4RY4aDTLCXnyzb00zA3bmc/s400/Nigeria+vs+me+birthplaces.png" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I contacted my match and she told me that she was from the Igbo tribe of Enugu state in Nigeria. Her family lived in the area for generations although she learned that one of her grandparents may have been mixed. Judging by her 23andMe chromosome painting (below) she's about 99.8% African with the majority of that being similar to West African. The 0.4% Central & South African is ancient population structure: </span></div>
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<img border="0" height="417" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizqpHNn4GnZIKDkaXMA0oReWx5Vfba0QP8zlIIngmuWdZ2Uz7jEsP8ihqymdzqQDvPCs_kVkiG8RQbopv88-J1YBQg_9_Wx3YgLzmXNVr6yT71lrDwZogissECj8fn8iqsAJnANu-yIDM/s640/Igbo-EnuguNigeria+match+%25281%2529.png" style="text-align: center;" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Please note the small Native American and European is unstable (it disappears at higher confidence intervals), and shows on a variety of 23andMe's West African ancestry profiles</span>.</div>
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<b><b>More About the Tribe(s)</b></b><br />
<b>Tribe:</b> Igbo</div>
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<b>Ethnic Group:</b> Igbo</div>
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<b>Biogeography: </b>Enugu State, Nigeria</div>
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<b>Related Groups:</b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anioma_people">Anioma</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agbo_clan&action=edit&redlink=1">Agbo</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aro_people">Aro</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda_people">Edda</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekpeye_people">Ekpeye</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etche">Etche</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezza">Ezza</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika_people">Ika</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikwerre_people">Ikwerre</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikwo_people">Ikwo</a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishielu">Ishielu</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izzi_people">Izzi</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbaise">Mbaise</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mgbo">Mgbo</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwa">Ngwa</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkalu">Nkalu</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nri-Igbo">Nri-Igbo</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogba_people">Ogba</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohafia">Ohafia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohuhu_people">Ohuhu</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omuma_people">Omuma</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onitsha-Ado">Onitsha</a>,</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratta">Oratta</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibani_tribe">Ubani</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukwuani_people">Ukwuani</a> [Wikipedia]</div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Presence in Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade:</b></span></div>
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"The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people">Igbo</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> became one of the main ethnic groups enslaved in the era lasting between the 16th and late 19th century. Located near indigenous Igbo territory, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bight_of_Biafra">Bight of Biafra</a> (also known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bight_of_Bonny">Bight of Bonny</a>), became the principal area in obtaining Igbo slaves.The Bight’s major slave trading ports were located in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonny,_Nigeria">Bonny</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabar">Calabar</a>; a large number of these slaves Igbo. Slaves, kidnapped or bought from fellow Igbos, were taken to Europe and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas">Americas</a> by European slave traders. An estimated 14.6% of slaves were taken from the Bight of Biafra between 1650 and 1900, the third greatest percentage in the era of the transatlantic slave trade....The Igbo were dispersed to colonies such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados">Barbados</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">United States</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize">Belize</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> among others...In the United States the Igbo were commonly found in the states of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland">Maryland</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia">Virginia</a>." [Wikipedia]</div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Most likely me and my match's enslaved Igbo ancestor were sold to Europeans by the powerful <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aro_Confederacy">Aro Confederacy</a>. The Aro kidnapped and purchased slaves from the Igbo hinterland. "Most Igbo slaves were not victims of slave-raiding wars or expeditions, but were sometimes debtors and people who committed what their communities considered to be abominations or crime," states Wikipedia. Accordingly one of our Igbo ancestors could have been captured from a village in the Enugu region for a variety of reasons and then ended up a prisoner of the Middle Passage leaving from one of three major ports on the Bight of Biafra and ending up in the Carolinas or Georgia where my father's maternal ancestors hail. This ancestor could have been first seasoned in the Caribbean noting I've several matches from Jamaica on my paternal side.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">MY AFRICAN MATCH #3</span></b><br />
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My next strong African DNA match is on AncestryDNA. The match shares 9.8 cM's on one segment with me and triangulates with my father solidifying this as a legitimate match. My match's Ethnicity Estimate major regions show Ivory/Coast Ghana and next-door Benin/Togo with a trace of Cameroon/Congo. Otherwise the match is 100% African and has a public family tree listing surnames Mensah, Ewusi and Ama:<img border="0" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVYVO6GF_XZF2NmYw4xm7BrMICy2W_l46u_jUu_58iPY4ermJrLginYZBDSD9J8npy8h9R6jYfqI-2RDEHIbktaOP09lTnocKlMzihfz4w7HfGQtZeekf5aaZQD_lYYfID6m_YdRXmvcA/s640/Ghana+match+to+me+redacted.png" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;" width="640" /><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">However what blew me away is the match shared a whopping 19.4 cMs on one segment with my dad, putting this ancestor's entry into the Middle Passage toward the end of slavery area as my father has no known recent African connections:</span></div>
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<img border="0" height="403" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5S5HGUy49wGh7VxYAz7wDkthKlWn4Vn6bP9uv4H1g4xCW4HpfizUKaQu5axVB1t3tiZ-3WEnVixFURF7B1WEJoU0mr0cg-GirMs9w4-aCAPz_7Q4pnBJHXveJVg2PXfxTRmfHRwAj-48/s640/Ghana+Match+with+Dad+redacted.png" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">As you can see below almost 75% of match's admixture is from Ivory Coast/Ghana @ 72%, with almost 26% similar to Benin/Togo and 2% to Cameroon/Congo. My match profile has no European or Asian admixture: </span></div>
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<img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip7q9NyFGl7-BzW5nultq-4m3S6L_MroNBkA_aMnMKzlh5hYCoydvB56idb7jlA4iU1A7Cw9lfDteMLl-q8y_JZ1QvKuZm1XKrtGJPZG6Q6ZCE4t7WrYOR_OjsvJA1p-WRFKoI2j4_L4M/s320/WEBPAGE_20180316_124420.jpg" width="272" /> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">What makes this situation even better is that match reached out to my me. He first asked if my father was African because he shared such a nice chunk of DNA with my dad. Then he told me his family was from Accra and both parents were Fante from the Central region of Ghana, a significant center of the trans-Atlantic slave trade.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">More about the tribe(s)</b></div>
<b>Tribe:</b> Fante<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
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<b>Ethnic Group: </b>Akan</div>
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<b>Biogeography:</b> Cape Coast, Mankessim, Ghana; Ivory Coast</div>
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<b>Related Groups: </b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_people">Asante</a>, Akuapem, Akwamu, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akyem">Akyem</a> (together known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twi">Twi</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agona">Agona</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwahu">Kwah</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwahu">u</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassa">Wassa</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fante_people">Fante</a> (Anomabo, Abura, Gomua) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abron_tribe">Bono</a>. Subgroups of the Bia-speaking groups include: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyi_people">Anyin</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baoul%C3%A9_people">Baoulé</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakosi_people">Chakosi</a> (Anufo), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefwi_people">Sefwi</a> (Sehwi), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzema_people">Nzema</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahanta_people">Ahanta</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jwira-Pepesa_language">Jwira-Pepesa</a>. (Wikipedia)</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Presence In Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade:</span></b></div>
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"The Akan goldfields, according to Peter Bakewell, were the "highly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold">auriferous</a> area in forest country between the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komoe_River">Komoe</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_River">Volta</a> rivers. The Akan goldfield was one of three principal goldfields in the region, along with theThis wealth in gold attracted European traders. Initially, the Europeans were Portuguese, soon joined by the Dutch and British in their quest for Akan gold. Akan states waged wars on neighboring states in their geographic area to capture people and sell them as slaves to Europeans (Portuguese) who subsequently sold the enslaved people along with guns to Akan states in exchange for Akan gold. Akan gold was also used to purchase slaves from further up north via the Trans-Saharan route. The Akan purchased slaves in order to help clear the dense forests within <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_Region">Ashanti</a>. About a third of the population of many Akan states were indentured servants (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.e.">i.e.</a> Non-Akan peoples)." [Wikipedia]</div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Fante have been dealing with European slave traders since the 15th century, starting with the Portuguese, and then the Dutch, British, Danish and Swedish. Notably Elmina, Ghana, just west of Cape Coast and Accra, was the first European settlement in Africa and became a famous slave-trading post by the 18th century. It is estimated that over 50% of enslaved Africans come from Ghana and it appears our common ancestor was one of them. It is possible our shared Fante ancestor was captured in interior Ghana and subsequently sold in one of Ghana's coastal slave markets. An interesting note in history is slave traders sought Igbo women to pair with Coromantee (Akan) men to "subdue the men because of the belief that the women were bound to their first-born sons’ birthplace." [Wikipedia] I'm sure at some point I had a Fante ancestor from the Mensah or Ewusi or Ama family who met an Igbo woman that may have wound up in the cotton fields of central Mississippi where my paternal ancestors lived. </span></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">MY AFRICAN MATCH #4 </span></b><br />
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My final strong African DNA match is from 23andMe. I found him around 2012 using 23andMe's fantastic (and now defunct) "Countries of Ancestry" tool which allowed you to see where your DNA relatives matched you on the chromosomes; other shared DNA matches at that location, and the country of origins for each grandparent. In this manner I could easily identify my African ancestors especially those from one region. Accordingly my match was from Guinea and we seemed to share another connection to a DNA match from Jamaica:<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
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<img border="0" height="571" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0-33FjnLryIVkG6H9TepoCkC_adCUPD3CYvuSbc_SVgfYgo8EToGubSEsVnCmJpSUY6elrIAj13yWQzf4m8ze3j_nrVXn41fKu4gPVASHqGlE3XFs18j3amUvHjK-wpZeq3R2AX-wp_Y/s640/TL-GuineaCOA.png" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">What made this match ("M") solid is that he matches my 96-year-old 1st cousin 2x removed ("C") at 15cMs and her son ("R") at 12cMs at the same location on chromosome 7 so I'm able to triangulate across two generations. Also M shares even more DNA with C than with me and R, further strengthening the likelihood of a real genetic match (identical by descent). Thus I can determine with confidence that the Guinea match is on my maternal grandfather's mother side of the family:</span></div>
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<img border="0" height="491" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLBN-fB-X2dtcMxcWNh7wjYjSqUCQRfIiJyKzdapkZRgaagVI_-cfZYAkjkJmhh_15zn5eZ-BUmtgt5l6O_FVU7iq89wyfOa21BoNsxLWAeWSnWZ70tg_RJpr1K-Wap0Q90D1lckbmHbc/s640/GuineaVMe+FIA-Plot.jpg" width="640" /> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I was able to make successful contact with the match and he comes from the Pullo-Fulani tribe of the Futa Jallon region of Guinea-Conakry. He provided his family surnames and told me the history of his tribe. I was intrigued by my match's admixture results because the Fulani are thought to have ancestry from North Africa. His 23andMe Ancestry Composition was unlike my other West African matches: </span><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyec-JbjknxhyphenhyphenuWy4xs4k4DCsSUuCf_wXvvlbjfNEgsa-fU64XF9Yf5KwJ-Ksh3gfoOF5QIc7G7p28s2rjUsbzASd2Mu_SzbZXl-osPkGj3FDWvjlsfSin7PcmfLTwPdnCMcOJ_SaS-zs/s640/Screen+Shot+2016-02-16+at+6.37.59+PM.png" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> As you can see only 72.2% of his African admixture is from West Africa with 8.1% coming from East Africa (Horn region), and 1.9% North African; the latter two was absent in my other African matches. My match also had 5.8% European, a much higher amount than with my other African matches. Bryc et al elucidates, "...the very distinct Fulani are part of a nomadic pastoralist population that occupies a broad geographical range across Central and Western Africa. Analyses... indicate that they share ancestry with Niger-Kordofanian, North African, and Central African Nilo-Saharan populations, as well as low levels of European and/or Middle Eastern ancestry." My match also had a moderate level of Unassigned ancestry @ 4.6% which is likely due to a dearth in Fulani testers and reference samples. </span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">More About the Tribe(s) </span></b></div>
<b>Tribe:</b> Pullo-Fulani<br />
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<b>Ethnic Group:</b> Fulani or Fulbe</div>
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<b>Biogeography:</b> Futa Jallon region of Guinea-Conakry, but also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia">The Gambia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania">Mauritania</a></div>
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<b>Related Groups:</b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_people">Hausa</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuri_people">Kanuri</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toucouleur_people">Toucouleur</a> (Wikipedia)<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Presence In Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade:</span></b></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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"Many Fulbe were taken captive to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas">Americas</a> from the 16th through the 19th century as part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>. They were largely captured from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal">Senegal</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea">Guinea</a>, with a significant percentage also taken from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali">Mali</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon">Cameroon</a>. Some Fulbe of note abducted into slavery were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilali_Muhammad">Bilali Muhammad</a>...Some of Bilali Muhammad's known descendants still live on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapelo_Island">Sapelo Island</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)">Georgia</a>, United States, and he also left descendants in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucayan_Archipelago">Lucayan Archipelago</a>. Abdul-Rahman and many others likewise have many descendants across the Americas both as a result of their own destinations and as a consequence of continued trading in human life after initial abductions from Africa." (Wikipedia)</div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">According to <a href="https://www.theroot.com/how-do-i-research-my-fulani-roots-1790897173">The Root</a>, "Beginning in the 1720s they [the Fula] became involved in a series of wars and/or jihads that increased the slave trade dramatically. After 1760, Sierra Leone, in particular, was affected by the major jihad in Futa Jallon. The Fulbe did not win all the wars waged during the period, and many ended up being sold as slaves across the Atlantic (while in the years in which they won, they sold many slaves)." At the time the Futa Jallon region stretched all the way to the coast where the city of Conakry is located. Our shared Fulani ancestor likely was a victim of a major jihad and ended up in colonial Northeast US:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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"With the arrival of slaves from the Guinea Coast, the West India Company initiated sales to private citizens. That decision prompted an unexpected controversy that had international complications. In 1652 pirates arrived in New Amsterdam with forty-four slaves they had captured in from Juan Gallardo Ferrera, a Spanish merchant. After the Dutch West India Company permitted city merchants to trade in slaves as chattel, the number of enslaved Africans arriving in the city jumped sharply. Direct trade with Africa began on September 15, 1655, with arrival in New Amsterdam of three hundred enslaved blacks. the ship master auctioned them off and netted above 1200 florins for each slave. the following year three more vessels arrived after a stop in Curacao. By agreement, two-thirds of each slave cargo came to New Amsterdam. Stuyvesant and local merchants sold many slaves to Virginia and Maryland, two English colonies that converted to unfree labor. Despite Stuyvesant's difficulties with his vice-governor, New Amsterdam was by 1600 the most important slave port with the largest population of slaves in North America." [Root & Branch African-Americans in New York & East Jersey: 1613 -1863; Hodges, Graham R.]</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Slave owners in colonial New York and New Jersey were known to purchase Africans fresh from the Guinea coast as well as seasoned ones from Barbados and Curacao—for my family it meant an ancestor from the Upper Guinea coast (Senegambia region) disembarking in New Amsterdam (New York), Perth Amboy (New Jersey) or Camden (New Jersey):</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
"It has been said by good authority that slavery in New Jersey is coeval with the advent of the Dutch," wrote the Somerset Unionist on Jan. 5, 1870, just five years after the close of the Civil War. "Nearly every family brought Negro servants with them, and most of these were fresh from Guinea..."</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">and </span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
"These people retained their native language and superstitions. Though unlettered they were endowed with remarkable cunning and sagacity. There are many negroes now living in the county, with families, where their parents were slaves from Guinea." [source: <a href="http://www.warrennj.org/wths/slaves.htm">Warren NJ Slaves</a>]<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Since the late 17th century families like the Van Horne's, Van Ness's, and Wyckoff's—surnames common in my family—settled the Dutch colony and enslaved or indentured people who were likely of Fulani descent. These families and their human chattel moved into Raritan Valley's hinterland reaching all the way to present-day Readington, Hunterdon County, where my African-American ancestors lived, as evidenced in this family obituary:</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLlecOsBEdl6-PWIbKbDPHAYrfqdfddnMYBHlsgQmDGp85py551amrl2jl5oeuEVxC1CfN2U3eiVfSAwZUOUM6b6Yap7lJ0CaSip8QM7PL28lttZBE5kehnmfjC1w02vYjdi3XGXKgA6M/s400/Screen+Shot+2018-03-22+at+7.41.46++AM.png" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Perhaps in a mutual attempt to be free my Fulani ancestor likely crossed paths with my ancestors from Madagascar </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">[not covered but see my <a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/p/amerindian-sidebar-southeast-asian-in.html">blog</a> or genetic genealogist Teresa Vega's excellent <a href="http://radiantrootsboricuabranches.com/part-ii-the-dna-trail-from-madagascar-to-manhattan-our-familys-malagasy-roots/"><span style="color: blue;">work</span></a>]<b>:</b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYx_WwwEXgEuGUyXX-uY69w6Gv8HfcTHR4FtY68nfAJaLOjBUJe3Sh743Pb_LzAfjDExnTU1o9HUN1Tky9Yi9ktqND4umEpsQr4rWEPR5rgJ7vs_v4LjtZTzKd035i4Pmml3WMLdLxq0o/s640/Screen+Shot+2018-03-09+at+7.21.54+PM.png" /></div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
My earliest known direct ancestors in this branch of my family are my 4th-great-grandparents <b>Francis Wyckoff</b> (born abt 1790) and his wife Jane (born abt 1800), who were both free people of color appearing as early as the 1830 federal census:</span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img border="0" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzpygv8j9oQw0iy0_pyHUdfNWtPWnmOKVHE7VexzSpGgKGDEqHFkOMulkqvtqQBzV2mMGZW-keksJON-aETkue_IvB3JXj6eKb3Je_2dG_4otEFFxjILSVeCB3GKHeMfAftiU6r2L-BUk/s400/Screen+Shot+2018-03-22+at+11.56.03+AM.png" width="400" /></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">By researching my 4th-great-grandparents siblings and their families I was able to make a tantalizing discovery about my African ancestry.</span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">This is the 1880 US census for Princeton, New Jersey, showing my 4th-great-grandaunt Mary Jane Schenck (Wyckoff) and notice her father's birthplace:</span><br />
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img border="0" height="99" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYmWQyCCjX6s2EX1JYc5UrRqecfiN6HoziM0KKytf2OlmfjpCJI4lnuLhLxatGB42qrstuTCRAALTEYTEyErPNFcS-T-gyRbkAO4VRG8n9x2egPATql_DEaE6yyrdAEohqw-xz4wPPxZU/s640/Mary+J++%2526+Moses+Schenck+Guiana+%2528real%2529+.png" width="640" /></div>
</div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Here is another 1880 US Census showing another of my ancestors Eliza J. Wyckoff, and notice her father's birthplace:</span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIc30liyRXnt3pru__-x05hdzP_NPpSfCVoVSWubOdUlvyqaEwvD7VlkeSNXWTiD0mh_Bin-Qcb1T3nseCQa1xtxJUFPoOV-fp_QpH2RVR048CiSPtYh5Mdy0IxCgBuzZOWNACfIwjasM/s400/ElizaWyckoff-Guinea.png" width="370" /> </div>
</div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">As you can see both Mary J. and Eliza J. Wyckoff's father birthplace is listed as <b>Guinea</b>! I suspect one of my 4th-great-grandfather's parents is of Fulani descent. Since my 4th-great-grandfather was born about 1790, this fits perfectly with a mid-to-late 1700's arrival of a potential Fulani ancestor from present-day Guinea in colonial New Jersey! It certainly proves Africans from Guinea were present in area. Therefore I conclude my Fulani cousin shares a common ancestor with my Wyckoff fore-parents dating to the mid-18th century.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">New Jersey was the last state in the Northeast US to fully abolish slavery in 1865. New Jersey banned the importation of slaves in 1788 and promised to gradually end the practice in 1804, but "it required children (born to slave mothers) to serve lengthy <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprenticeship">apprenticeships</a> as a type of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servant">indentured servant</a> until early adulthood for the masters of their slave mothers." [see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_Jersey">History of Slavery in New Jersey</a>] <br /><br />But I wanted to know more about why Africans from Guinea—including my forebears—were free well before slavery ended. I found the answer in an unsung African named Ari Van Guinea, who became the wealthiest Black man in New Jersey 50 years before the Revolutionary War! The following excerpt was taken from a namesake blog by one of Van Guinea's descendants. Enjoy:</span></div>
<div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: blue;">THE STORY OF ARI VAN GUINEA</span></span></b> </div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
"Ari van Guinea (Dutch - Harry from Guinea) is how the church initially recorded his name. His first name is found with many variations: Ari, Are, Arree, Arrey, Aree Aray, Arey,and A. Ray. Likewise his last name is found with many variations as well: van Guinea, van Genee, van Guinee, van Ginee, van Ge Nee.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
But when He signed his name, it was "Aree Van GeNee". There are other variations, I'm sure, and they all point to a true colonial pioneer in American History.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
There is no record of his birth or his death. He is described as a Negro, a Mulatto, a Moor (mixed race from northern Africa) and one source claims that he was possibly of Arab descent. He could read Dutch and sign his name as a young man when most people, regardless of their race, could neither read or write. At one point he is described as possibly the most promenent man of color in the state of New Jersey in the early 1700's. </div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
Ari's third daughter, Maria was baptized in the Dutch Church in New York in June 1705. He had a son baptized in the same Church in October 1708. Within this three year span Ari had moved from Bostwick, New York (Brooklyn, New York) to the Raritan River Valley on the Millstone River in the area now known as Six Mile Run, Somerset County, New Jersey. Shortly thereafter, about 1711, Ari welcomed an influx of several Palatine German families to the area around his home in the Six Mile Run area.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
It is my hope that those families may discover the grandeur that one man established as a Mulatto family in the wilderness of the New Jersey frontier in the infancy of the 17th Century. I hope these "lost" families can re-discover and re-claim their heritage as one of the nations earliest FREE families of color as our race struggles to clarify the statement found in the Declaration of Independence that "...all men are created equal...". </div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
Freedom was granted to Ari prior to 1705, he was a free man. He purchased 132 Acres of land from Benjamin Rounsavall on April 3rd or 4th 1730. There is an erroneous statement which claims that Aree Van Guinea purchased his land in 1714 and was not given a deed until 1730, presumably because of a law that slaves were not allowed to own land. This statement ironically is from a Zion article dated in 1939 for the 225th Anniversary of the Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church which states,</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
"Once he received his legal deed, he donated two acres of land to the German Lutheran Church so they could erect a permanent church building." </div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: left;">
The purchase of the land and the donation of the 2 acres to the Church happened within days or months of the purchase of the land in April 1730. Later in life, Aree gave another 50 acres of land to the church to use as a "glebe" in 1750. A glebe was intended to be used by the church for the support of the Pastor and a help in providing monetary support for the Church's obligations."</div>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I am Duala. I am Igbo. I am Fante. I am Fulani. I am the voices inside my head crying echoes of what you said...I am Africa's Black Panther.</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
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<b>###END###</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></div>
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TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-11304473316637316942018-02-22T14:15:00.000-08:002018-02-22T14:18:25.012-08:00We Are the 23andMe World<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoQ-YUe0L7MHnvK0MJ32YyF7m_r9ib7iTi2ahAm_S1Yjz-s67xkVWFV9pm0lasUF5vueTNNbM_dbXavTYF91RMQz2qHNUPTqHt1JlqljJIop5HcsdugH2trae12MFtB9rgo1OwpbjO99E/s1600/Screen+Shot+2018-02-22+at+12.07.32+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="490" data-original-width="936" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoQ-YUe0L7MHnvK0MJ32YyF7m_r9ib7iTi2ahAm_S1Yjz-s67xkVWFV9pm0lasUF5vueTNNbM_dbXavTYF91RMQz2qHNUPTqHt1JlqljJIop5HcsdugH2trae12MFtB9rgo1OwpbjO99E/s640/Screen+Shot+2018-02-22+at+12.07.32+PM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
On February 8, 2018, DTC personal genome service <a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> announced a new<b> <a href="https://www.23andme.com/global-genetics/">Global Genetics Project</a></b>. <a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a>'s goal with the new <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/global-genetics/">Global Genetics Project</a></b> is over the next two years to test over 5000 people whose recent ancestry is from <b>Africa</b>, the <b>Americas</b>, <b>Asia</b> and <b>Oceania</b> covering over 61 qualifying countries.* <b><span style="color: red;">I</span></b><span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">t's FREE </span>and totally worth sharing with all of your friends.<br />
<br />
According to <a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a>, "This work will help <a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> expand its reference data sets, improve the ability of our scientists to study groups who are currently underrepresented in genetic research and reveal new insights into patterns of human migration and genetic diversity." Read <a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a>'s blog release <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/23andme-research/23andme-launches-global-genetics-project/">here</a>.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a>'s <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/global-genetics/">Global Genetics Project</a></b> takes off after the success of its <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/23andme-research/the-african-genetics-project/">2016 African Genetics Project</a>, which recruited people whose grandparents were born in certain West African countries connected to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. To this extent, <a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> has been at the forefront of improving genetic diversity in genetics with such past initiatives as the <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/news/announcements/roots-into-the-future/">Roots Into The Future Project</a> and <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/23andme-research/african-american-sequencing-project/">African American Sequencing Project</a>. <br />
<br />
Of course <a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a>'s <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/global-genetics/">Global Genetics Project</a> </b>has rules (see Qualifications below), and one them is you must reside in the United States. Now some of you may wonder why <a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> did not open the project to people who actually live in the qualifying countries,* but I suspect it is due to federal regulations, grant restrictions and avoidance of foreign government bureaucracy because health testing is involved.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: blue;">QUALIFICATIONS</span></b><br />
In order to join the <a href="https://www.23andme.com/global-genetics/"><b>Global Genetics Project</b></a> you must:<br />
<ul>
<li>be at least 18 years of age</li>
<li>reside in the U.S. and have U.S. shipping address</li>
<li>be willing to have your entire genome sequenced for health research</li>
<li>have all four grandparents born in one of 61 qualifying countries* (listed below) </li>
</ul>
<br />
<b><span style="color: red;">KING GENOME'S TIP:</span></b> If you've tested previously at <a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> and you meet the qualifications then you can still join the <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/global-genetics/">Global Genetics Project</a> </b>for <b>FREE</b> (but you won't receive any health results). This is a great opportunity to retest on <a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a>'s powerful new v5 chip (see my blog <a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/2018/01/23andme-chip-versions-comparison.html">here</a>). <br />
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>*Qualifying Countries:</b></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><b><br /></b></span>Angola<br />
Azerbaijan<br />
Bahrain<br />
Benin<br />
Botswana<br />
Burkina Faso<br />
Burundi<br />
Cambodia<br />
Cameroon<br />
Central African Republic<br />
Chad<br />
Congo (Republic of Congo)<br />
Cote d'Ivoire<br />
Equatorial Guinea<br />
Eritrea<br />
Fiji<br />
Gambia<br />
Guinea<br />
Guinea-Bissau<br />
Indonesia<br />
Jordan<br />
Kazakhstan<br />
Kuwait<br />
Kyrgyzstan<br />
Laos<br />
Lesotho<br />
Liberia<br />
Libya<br />
Madagascar<br />
Malawi<br />
Malaysia<br />
Mali<br />
Mauritania<br />
Mauritius<br />
Mongolia<br />
Mozambique<br />
Myanmar<br />
Namibia<br />
Niger<br />
Panama<br />
Papua New Guinea<br />
Paraguay<br />
Qatar<br />
Samoa<br />
Senegal<br />
Sierra Leone<br />
South Sudan<br />
Swaziland<br />
Tajikistan<br />
Tanzania<br />
Thailand<br />
Timor-Leste<br />
Togo<br />
Tonga<br />
Turkmenistan<br />
Uganda<br />
United Arab Emirates<br />
Uzbekistan<br />
Yemen<br />
Zambia<br />
Zimbabwe<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: red;">ENROLL NOW IN THE <a href="https://www.23andme.com/global-genetics/">Global Genetics Project</a>.</span></b><br />
<br />
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<b>###End###</b></div>
TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-44359027510159705522018-01-01T11:44:00.001-08:002018-01-06T06:36:39.465-08:0023andMe Chip Versions Comparison (ancestry only)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJHDF949nU6eq2RkY3iSzesgfxoQhSznqPYVQVPAOs8xen7x1wxkN_hKe2UyR_ppaNtmAAsL77Byo_gdSK1NZ5ciSR3wQuYQ6iVNf-QXuSky3Ng8DDFGjX_ulBu-POHIOCaV0QAov6g0g/s1600/gsa_array.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="170" data-original-width="1000" height="108" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJHDF949nU6eq2RkY3iSzesgfxoQhSznqPYVQVPAOs8xen7x1wxkN_hKe2UyR_ppaNtmAAsL77Byo_gdSK1NZ5ciSR3wQuYQ6iVNf-QXuSky3Ng8DDFGjX_ulBu-POHIOCaV0QAov6g0g/s640/gsa_array.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Illumina Global Screening Array Chip</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Back on August 8, 2017, DTC personal genome service <a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b>23andMe</b></a> <span style="font-size: x-small;">quietly announced</span> that it was upgrading its genotyping chip for a fifth time to the <a href="https://www.illumina.com/products/by-type/microarray-kits/infinium-global-screening.html">Illumina Infinium Global Screening Array-24 v1.0 Bead Chip</a> (GSA) — aka <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> </b>version 5 or <span style="color: blue;"><b>v5</b> </span>— and promised new customers more improved ethnicity reports, especially those with non-European ancestry, and those with African ancestry would be the first to receive more specific African ancestry updates. I'm excited already.<br />
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b>23andMe</b></a>'s latest chip upgrade comes on heels of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration">US Food & Drug Administration</a> relaxing its restrictions on health testing for DTC personal genome companies. However it's unclear if customers on <a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b>23andMe</b></a>'s prior chips versions will be upgraded — and it may cost you. </div>
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<a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b>23andMe</b></a> also has been notoriously slow with past major upgrades — the transition to <a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b>23andMe</b></a>'s revamped site took more than 2 years — so I jumped at the chance to test a third time (actually 4th) to be on the new promising v5 chip. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Since I've <a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b>23andMe</b></a> results from the two prior chip versions (v3 and v4), I can compare all three to determine if v5 lives up to the hype. You can read about all the bells and whistles of the GSA chip at genetic genealogist <b>Debbie Cruwys Kennett</b>'s excellent blog <a href="https://cruwys.blogspot.com/2017/08/23andme-launch-new-v5-chip-and-revise.html">here</a>. My comparative analysis will focus mostly on ancestry features for <a href="https://www.23andme.com/" style="font-weight: bold;">23andMe</a>'s last three chip versions (v3, v4, v5). </div>
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At close of this deep dive I will reveal my new<b> <a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a></b> <b><span style="color: blue;">v5</span></b> Ancestry Composition results and tell you whether it's worth testing NOW to be on the v5 chip. And if you're a current customer on an older chip version, I'll tell you if you should take a chance waiting on a future fee-based upgrade.</div>
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<br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b><span style="color: red;">King Genome's Wisdom: </span></b></span><br />
<ul>
<li>There are about 15 million known SNPs (aka Ancestry Informative Markers) for genetic ancestry but only 1-to-5 million are utilized by advanced genetic studies, and much less (~700,000) by vendors like DTC DNA testing companies (ie <a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b>23andMe</b></a>). </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>According to <a href="https://isogg.org/wiki/23andMe#Chip_versions">ISOGG Wiki Chip Versions</a>, here are the different microarray chip versions utilized by <a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b>23andMe</b></a> for genotyping since the debut of its DTC personal genome service:</li>
<ul>
<li><b><span style="color: red;">v1</span></b>: November 2007 </li>
<li><b><span style="color: red;">v2</span></b>: September 2008, ~555K SNPs (Illumina)</li>
<li><b><span style="color: red;">v3</span></b>: November 2010, >900K SNPs (Illumina OmniExpress)</li>
<li><b><span style="color: red;">v4</span></b>: November 2013, ~570K SNPs (Illumina OmniExpress)</li>
<li><b><span style="color: red;">v5</span></b>: August 2017, ~640K SNPs (Illumina Global Screening Array)</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<a name='more'></a><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">THE STANDARD</span></b><br />
With ethnicity admixture estimates, my advice has always been to test at a number of good-repute DNA companies (ie <a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b>23andMe</b></a>, AncestryDNA, FamilyTreeDNA) and 3rd-party tools (ie <a href="http://www.gedmatch.com/">Gedmatch</a>) offering reliable ethnicity admixture estimates, and then look for consistency among the results in oder to establish a range score for each ethnicity admixture component. Then you must use your range of ethnicity admixtures synergistically with traditional genealogy methods to unravel your genetic ancestry and pedigree.<br />
<br />
However for comparison purposes in this analysis, I will use a "Standard" ethnicity admixture estimate to compare my three <a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b>23andMe</b></a> chip version results for consistency and quality control purposes. As such I present my <b>Dr. Doug McDonald</b> Biogeographical Ancestry (BGA) analysis report (below; <a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b>23andMe</b></a> v3 raw data file) as the Standard. On a continental and sub-continental level, Dr McDonald was excellent in his interpretation, especially since he was able to do controlled runs and identify more trace admixtures (ie Native American). <span style="color: red;"><b>NOTE:</b> </span>Dr. McDonald no longer does these sorts of BGA analyses so I can't provide any contact information for him.<br />
<br />
<b>Here is my </b><b>Doug McDonald BGA chromosome painting </b>(ie my ethnicity admixture components are "painted" on my 23 chromosome pairs)<b>, with his interpretation to follow: </b><br />
<ul>
<li>Please pay attention to <b><span style="color: red;">chromosome 10</span> </b>where there is two Native American (green) and European (red) segments adjacent to each other, and <span style="color: red;"><b>chromosome 20</b> </span>where there is a Native American segment (green) on the top bar, far right.</li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8o6_UMOabv-t7h2Am-ca_ZR-NOV1pjPE-e52lCmWFm6LmgQVlsFifFWpt3sBO8F-78dp0CepiO8DBgHv6RS1b0bGG1k15mCsLZnzy-numFUt-F2uP951BlvUishe1hHiH_zSOhvZO_F4/s1600/TL_Dixon_McDonald_20120926142829BGA1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="804" data-original-width="804" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8o6_UMOabv-t7h2Am-ca_ZR-NOV1pjPE-e52lCmWFm6LmgQVlsFifFWpt3sBO8F-78dp0CepiO8DBgHv6RS1b0bGG1k15mCsLZnzy-numFUt-F2uP951BlvUishe1hHiH_zSOhvZO_F4/s640/TL_Dixon_McDonald_20120926142829BGA1.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
Here is Dr. Doug McDonald's BGA interpretation of my <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> </b>v3 raw data file:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b><span style="color: blue;">Most likely fit is </span><span style="color: red;">23.4% (+- 11.7%) Africa</span><span style="color: blue;"> (various subcontinents) and </span><span style="color: red;">58.6% (+- 12.2%) Africa</span><span style="color: blue;"> (all West African) which is</span><span style="color: red;"> 82.0% total Africa</span><span style="color: blue;"> and </span><span style="color: red;">18.0% (+- 0.7%) Europe</span><span style="color: blue;"> (various subcontinents)<br /><br />The following are possible population sets and their fractions, most likely at the top<br /> <br />Bantu Ke= 0.370 Mandenka= 0.444 Irish= 0.186 or<br />Maasai= 0.130 Yoruba= 0.685 Irish= 0.185 or<br />Maasai= 0.159 Yoruba= 0.662 Russian= 0.179 or<br />O-Ethiop= 0.110 Yoruba= 0.718 Irish= 0.172 or<br />Maasai= 0.155 Yoruba= 0.666 Finland= 0.179 or<br />Bantu Ke= 0.353 Mandenka= 0.460 English= 0.186 or<br />Bantu Ke= 0.408 Mandenka= 0.409 Finland= 0.183 or<br />Bantu Ke= 0.371 Mandenka= 0.442 Hungary= 0.187 </span></b><span style="color: blue;"><b>or</b></span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b style="color: blue;">allowing more populations for a better fit </b></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="color: blue;"><b>Irish 0.1589 Jewish 0.0340 Bantu Kenya 0.3324 Mandenka 0.1698 Yoruba 0.3049 or <br />English 0.1618 Jewish 0.0303 Bantu Kenya 0.3387 Mandenka 0.1706 Yoruba 0.2986 </b></span><b><span style="color: blue;"><br /><br />but the eastern European is wrong ... it is plain British. The African is indeed a bit “east of Nigerian typical”. </span><span style="color: red;">And yes, there really is American at 1.0%</span><span style="color: blue;">, which is, as you see on one plot, rather hard to tell the exact nature of, but is typical of US Afro (Euro)Americans. </span><span style="color: red;">There is also a separate, and clearly real, East Asian of some sort, also at 1%</span><span style="color: blue;">. These two subtract from the European percent.</span></b> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b>My alternative AncestryDNA Doug McDonald BGA analysis says:</b></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b><span style="color: blue;">but in fact England or Ireland are also as likely as the Eastern Europe. But what Ancestry missed is </span><span style="color: red;">Na</span><span style="color: red;">tive American and/or Asian about 1% to 1.3% each. </span><span style="color: blue;">The Mideast is POSSIBLY Sephardic.</span></b></blockquote>
Dr. McDonald's interpretation is telling me that my total continental African admixture is 82%, with a portion of it, 23.4%(+-11.7%), seeming to be of a nature east of Nigeria proper in West Africa. It is probably a sign of my Bantu Southeast African ancestry; the Bantu migration started near the Nigerian/Cameroon border and eventually spread to (South)East Africa and Madagascar, the latter of which I've proven ancestral links. That's why there is Bantu Kenya, Maasai and O-Ethiopia in my population fits (combinations of reference populations which best fit my ethnicity admixture profile) in Dr. McDonald's interpretation. I also know from DNA tests that I've multiple roots in West Africa with confirmed African DNA matches to tribes living in modern-day Nigeria (Igbo), Ghana (Ewe), Guinea (Fulani), Cameroon (Duala) and Madagascar (Merina).<br />
<br />
Dr. McDonald's BGA analysis has a hard time defining my European admixture at 18%, but according to the population fits above, it is skewing British and points south-by-east on mainland Europe. This is likely from my maternal grandfather's German father, although I've additional European (British, Dutch, Scandinavian) ancestry from several other family lines too. In the population fits McDonald also gave me Finnish, and this could be a sign of my Germanic ancestry, with one of my ancestral lines tracing back to <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Öland </span></span>island, Sweden.<br />
<br />
The Mideast on chromosome 9 that Dr. McDonald says could be Sephardic seems to be of some sort of Jewish affinity, and the added Eastern European affinities (Hungary, Russia) probably means its most likely Ashkenazi Jewish.<br />
<br />
Dr. McDonald also confirmed that I've at least 1% to 1.3% each of real Native American and separate Asia East ancestry, the latter of which is related to my Malagasy (Merina) ancestry. My maternal grandfather has a Native American-specific maternal haplogroup (B2), and his matrilineal grandmother (my 2nd-great-grandmother) was thought to be of significant Native American ancestry.<br />
<br />
Now that I've established the Standard, I'll compare it to my three <a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b>23andMe</b></a> ancestry results:<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">V3 CHIP</span></b></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b>23andMe</b></a> introduced v3 (Illumina Omni Express) in November 2010; the chip contained ~967,000 SNPs. The first time I tested at <a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b>23andMe</b> </a>was actually in 2012, and I paid $299 for this test. At the time and unlike competitive DNA companies <a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b>23andMe</b></a> offered autosomal DNA testing, and maternal/paternal haplogroup predictions, all for one price. Also they offered a comprehensive health report almost comparable to health utility site <a href="https://promethease.com/">Promethease</a>.<br />
<br />
By late 2012,<b> <a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> </b>upgraded its algorithm/methodology for unprecedented ethnicity admixture granularity (going from 4 continental regions to most of the 31 sub-continental ones you see today). I figured it was well worth the price and have no regrets ... except for not waiting just a few more months when <a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b>23andMe</b></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> </span>"permanently" lowered the price to $99.<br />
<br />
<b>Here is my very first 23andMe v3 ancestry report before it updated in 2012: </b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQH-bkLpu5e5Snap9ZOBj3cPjsI4DiPDnEnsnMiepyLDo_PnG4NWCHf4GGfSyxnXf0gUGKNwJ5SpmtWCyTwgMCuixXykECsrAp0xUv7rlDMfR3Xoxr7-RzqVpvgTSHQkR6o7kQIWRFA_A/s1600/249555_346405928783059_207871696_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="314" data-original-width="521" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQH-bkLpu5e5Snap9ZOBj3cPjsI4DiPDnEnsnMiepyLDo_PnG4NWCHf4GGfSyxnXf0gUGKNwJ5SpmtWCyTwgMCuixXykECsrAp0xUv7rlDMfR3Xoxr7-RzqVpvgTSHQkR6o7kQIWRFA_A/s400/249555_346405928783059_207871696_n.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<b>Here's my updated 2012 results of </b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b>23andMe</b></a> <b>v3 chromosome painting (phased):</b><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Z95hlH2ILPnMPxvIsm1TYvm6JMpWA_oE2pYForM0UQaarbs87Sl_-OeUBO_yfU2gah8vbfRH7x9E7XIAWYMn6t1DNF0AIICxukvygMnWpgupARHebxVeIl-kBbs2T0vXUpV5PUS7Xfw/s1600/TL+Dixon+v3+AC+2017.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="849" data-original-width="876" height="619" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5Z95hlH2ILPnMPxvIsm1TYvm6JMpWA_oE2pYForM0UQaarbs87Sl_-OeUBO_yfU2gah8vbfRH7x9E7XIAWYMn6t1DNF0AIICxukvygMnWpgupARHebxVeIl-kBbs2T0vXUpV5PUS7Xfw/s640/TL+Dixon+v3+AC+2017.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">TL Dixon 23andMe Ancestry Composition, v3 </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
As you can see my updated <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> v3</b> results show a total 79.5% Sub Saharan African admixture. This is roughly consistent with the ~82% African that Dr, McDonald assigned. Since <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> </b>has no Southeast African Bantu category, mines would be assigned to my West African total of 78.7%. Although <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> </b>has an East African category it is more Northeast African in nature. The Central African at 0.7% represents both older components in other African populations (from all across the continent below the Sahara) and actual ancestry from so-called Pygmy populations (ie Mbuti); my paternal grandmother has a maternal haplogroup found 100% among indigenous populations in Cameroon and Gabon; it is separate from Southeast African Bantu. Further my Central & South African segments are small and appear all over my chromosome painting. Here only 0.1% is assigned in the Broadly Sub Saharan African, meaning it;s found throughout Sub Saharan African populations. I've have 0.4% North African, which <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> </b> oddly separates from the African continent.<br />
<br />
My total European is 18%, which is the average amount found in African-Americans according to <a href="http://www.cell.com/ajhg/fulltext/S0002-9297(14)00476-5">23andMe genetic study</a>. This is equivalent to McDonald's prediction of 18%(+-) European, which is 2% less when the Native American and Asian is subtracted (16% European total), noting McDonald put all three in the same broad category. <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> </b> has a hard time properly assigning European sub-regional categories because these populations have been in contact and mixing with each other for thousands of years. Although Im confident of my European total being ~18%, Im unsure of the specifics. Accordingly, <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> v3 </b>assigned me 15.4% Northwestern Europe, with 7.3% of that being British & Irish, 1.6% being French & German, 0.9% Scandinavian and not surprisingly 5.5% Broadly Northwestern European. I also have 1% Southern European but it is not further defined even with a parent testing. I'm not sure the nature of it but maybe some sort of Portuguese (via Madagascar). There is also 0.6% Ashkenazi Jewish admixture although McDonald said it was possibly Sephardic. The total Broadly European is 1%. Based on these <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> v3 </b>results my German great-grandfather looks more British.<br />
<br />
Finally I was assigned 0.9% Southeast Asian and 0.8% Native American, which are lower but roughly equivalent to what Dr. McDonald assigned at 1% to 1.3% each. There is less than 0.1% Broadly Native American & East Asian, and overall 0.4% Unassigned. With my v3 results, my Chromosome 10's Native American+European segments are exactly the same as on my McDonald chromosome painting, but on chromosome 20 the Native American segment was not assigned at all.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<ul>
<li>With my other <a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b>23andMe</b></a> <b>v3 ancestry reports: </b>my mtDNA and Y-DNA haplogroups correct in terms of basic terminal branch, <b>L1b1a</b> and <b>E-U290 </b>respectively. This test also found 69 Neanderthal variants. I also have <b>1719 DNA Relatives </b>but some of them are not my actual genetic relatives; at the time <a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b>23andMe</b></a> allowed customers to automatically see the ancestry reports of any other customer they were sharing with. </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
Thus my <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> v3</b> results are OK when comparing to Dr. McDonald's BGA analysis but will v4 be any better?</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">V4 CHIP</span></b><br />
<div style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 10px;">
I ended up testing again at <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> v4 </b>chip because I purchased the test for cheap ($49) and when a relative refused to test I sent in my sample. Also <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a></b> offered no upgrades from v3 at the time and truth be told not many v2 and v3 customers wanted to; new customers had no choice in the matter. <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a></b>'s introduced the <b>v4</b> chip in December 2013 but greatly reduced the number of SNPs compared to v3 -- the<b> v4</b> chip has ~570K total SNPs <i>vs</i> v3 chip's >900K SNPs. The chip reduction was due to the <a href="https://dna-explained.com/2013/11/25/fda-orders-23andme-to-discontinue-testing/">FDA’s shutdown of their medical testing</a> and a very tumultuous time for the company. [See <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a>'s </b>blog <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/news/23andmes-new-custom-chip/">here</a> and DNA expert <b>Roberta Estes'</b> blog <a href="https://dna-explained.com/2016/09/28/23andme-v3-vs-v4-comparison/">here]</a>.<br />
<br />
Notably the <b>v4 </b>chip was completely custom designed by <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> </b>instead of using the standard Illumina OmniExpress microarray. As such, new SNPs were added, and old health-related SNPs were removed. The <b>v4 </b>chip was also customized to allow better imputation. But how will my <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> </b><b>v4</b><b> </b> results compare to my<b> </b>v3 and Doug McDonald's BGA? Take a look:</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixbMDpFNg_dee9brvCnT8OrmRtoCCU9dlXFH5SVsDuuBpOiaHPTDxVk6-mX94jly5PMiJm97qSr9Ca-TFO9FBCvHbaghPpt0ZFuJPVEXww-e59srpshaMcO50oXVnwji_r8AEQf1DJzpY/s1600/TL+Dixon+v4+AC+2017+phased.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="843" data-original-width="878" height="611" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixbMDpFNg_dee9brvCnT8OrmRtoCCU9dlXFH5SVsDuuBpOiaHPTDxVk6-mX94jly5PMiJm97qSr9Ca-TFO9FBCvHbaghPpt0ZFuJPVEXww-e59srpshaMcO50oXVnwji_r8AEQf1DJzpY/s640/TL+Dixon+v4+AC+2017+phased.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">TL Dixon 23andMe Ancestry Composition, v4 </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
As you can see from above my v4 report is very similar to my v3 results. I still have 79.5% Sub Saharan African ancestry. My West African total is 78.6% and Central & Central African 0.8% with the same segment distribution patterns discussed in v3 section. Again only 0.1% Broadly Sub Saharan African. However my North African affinity is higher at 0.7% and the main difference appears on chromosome 12 inherited from my mother. A portion of this segment is Southern European, North African and British. On v3 it was partially North African with some of the area unassigned. Since the North African disappears at a higher confidence threshold. Im not sure what sort of admixture this is. However this sort of consistency with my total continental African admixture contribution at ~80% gives me affirmation it is probably accurate. </div>
<div>
<br />
It is no surprise then that the European percentage is slightly smaller at 17.8%, down from the 18% assigned by v3 and Dr. McDonald's BGA program. Here the Northwest European is 14.5%; British & Irish is 8.2%; French & German is 1.4%; Scandinavian is 1.3% and Broadly Northwest European is 3.6%. The Southern Euro is 0.1% less at 0.9% but not more specifically assigned. The Ashkenazi is the same at 0.6%. Broadly European 1.8%.<br />
<br />
The East Asian & Native American total at 1.8%. Here the Southeast Asian and Native American is 0.9% with 0.1% being Broadly East Asian & Native American. Note the sub-totals don't add up because percentages at less that 0.1% are rounded up or down. It's also odd that <a href="https://www.23andme.com/" style="font-weight: bold;">23andMe</a> combines the East Asian and Native American category; they should be separate. With my <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> v4 chromosome painting, </b>my Chromosome 10's Native American + European segment is the exact same as with my v3 and Doug McDonald chromosome painting. As well my chromosome 20, the segment that is Native American with Doug McDonald is still Unassigned with v3and v4.<br />
<ul>
<li>With my other <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> v4 ancestry reports: </b>I have 69 Neanderthal variants, a slight reduction and the haplogroups predictions are the same as with v3. My <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> v4 results </b>list <b>1182 DNA Relatives</b>, and none of whom are my friends sharing with me. There are some slight variations in segment-matching with my close genetic relatives and some low-ranging ones disappear from this test. </li>
</ul>
My<b> </b><b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a></b><b> v4 </b>ancestry results are very similar to my v3 and Doug McDonald BGA analysis. However the new v4 chips offers no improvement and may in fact represent a step back for the company<b>. </b>The new health offerings don't fare any better, but I expect all of this to slowly ameliorate as the US FDA further relaxes its rules. <b>Now for the results you've been waiting to see:</b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">V5 CHIP</span></b><br />
In August 8, 2017, <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> </b>softly revealed that all new customers would be tested on Illumina's new GSA chip and promised new customers more improved ethnicity and health reports especially for those with mostly non-European ancestry. This is <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a>'s </b>fifth chip version update so the GSA is known as <b>v5 </b>in terms of chip hierarchy<b>. </b>This revolutionary GSA chip features ~640,000 markers and has the ability to include up to 50,000 custom markers; these custom markers allow 23andMe to impute data (inferring missing markers in a DNA sequence) to supplement data not included with its current reference samples. </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Around the same time as the<b> v5 </b>release <a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b>23andMe</b></a> had a very rare sale of 2 or more kits for $49 each. I purchased several so taking the <a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="font-weight: bold;">23andMe</a> test again to be on the <b>v5</b> chip for me was affordable and a natural selection (no pun intended). <b>Here's my new <a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> v5 Ancestry Composition:</b></div>
<div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq5fvg7vQntKkW1nSuT8Dr6tZeBbqsaZiJFFkgfgYypLZQYQ1cVTLuhyphenhyphen4DPUsashH3RvzJr0H8ZjVd1p3Qq5FXEwpMOlfNdUgVd7s6JkfJVmQY4_d9X-aRYiC3npZ1IScC0QmigJqioN4/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-12-12+at+8.25.15+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="814" data-original-width="802" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq5fvg7vQntKkW1nSuT8Dr6tZeBbqsaZiJFFkgfgYypLZQYQ1cVTLuhyphenhyphen4DPUsashH3RvzJr0H8ZjVd1p3Qq5FXEwpMOlfNdUgVd7s6JkfJVmQY4_d9X-aRYiC3npZ1IScC0QmigJqioN4/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-12-12+at+8.25.15+AM.png" width="628" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">TL Dixon Ancestry Composition (phased), v5</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
On my new <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> v5</b> Ancestry Composition, my total Sub Saharan African is 79.1% down 0.4 percent from my v3 and v4 Sub Saharan African results. The West African portion is now 78.2%, the Central & South African is 0.7% (same as on v3) and Broadly Sub SaharanAfrican is actually slightly higher than the two prior chip versions at 0.2%. The North African (not shown above) has been reduced to 0.1% and is no longer located on chromosome 12 nor shows any contribution from my mother, who was previously predicted to contribute at least 0.5% mostly on chromosome 12. All three of my African results are fairly identical to my Doug McDonald report.<br />
<br />
The total European at 18.2% on <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> v5</b> is actually an increase to the amount of European that Doug McDonald assigned (16%+) and slightly higher than v3 and v4 (18%). The Northwest European is 14.3%, with 6.9% being British & Irish, and an increase of French & German to 2%. Notably the Scandinavian is gone and is now probably hidden somewhere in my 5.4% Broadly Northwest European. The Southern European total is 1.9% but this time more specific subregions were assigned, including 0.8% Italian, 0.5% Iberian. The Broadly Southern European is 0.6%, and I wonder how much of it is Iberian and Italian?<br />
<br />
My <a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="font-weight: bold;">23andMe</a> <b>v5</b> painting of chromosome 12's European + North African segment is now all European just like on my McDonald chromosome painting. Together the Italian+Iberian+North African does look a little Sephardic like Dr McDonald mentioned in his BGA analysis, but could also be due to Portuguese ancestors in Madagascar or lower West Africa (think São Tomé and Príncipe during the Inquisition). Interestingly the Ashkenazi Jewish admixture is 0.6% which identical to my <a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="font-weight: bold;">23andMe</a> v3 and v4 tests; there is now small area to the right of the Ashkenazi Jewish segment on chromosome 8 that is Unassigned and previously showed show as Asian and African. The<b> v5</b>'s Broadly European is 1.3%, lower than v4's 1.8% but higher than v3's 1%.<br />
<br />
The biggest improvement and <b><span style="color: red;">SURPRISE</span></b> on my <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> v5</b> results is the East Asian & Native American total rising to 2% <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">—</span> with 1% being Native American and 1% labelled as Southeast Asia. This perfectly agrees with my Dr. Doug McDonald Native American and East Asian results! The percentage rise for my Native American has to do with with chromosome 10 and not on chromosome 20, the latter of which is actually now showing as a Southeast Asian segment (remember it was unassigned on v4 but Native with Doug McDonald). <b>But let's take a closer look at my chromosome 10 (top bar from my mother): </b><br />
<ul>
<li><b><span style="color: blue;">First here is my v4 chromosome 10 which is the same as v3 and Doug McDonald:</span></b></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUVNcM90ovSrhpclUJAsBTzL3Ez3VxfR4ZA-mryIYjJOBr_mBFO0V3G4PJ5omF4pCX_-6g8pBO5bJRhv0rKz6nzffhGMG-WXgOBYYM5hnY7A0XwYStQsHHMEawkmY96ltnf5JbUPjYWzw/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-12-30+at+8.46.34+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="34" data-original-width="325" height="65" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUVNcM90ovSrhpclUJAsBTzL3Ez3VxfR4ZA-mryIYjJOBr_mBFO0V3G4PJ5omF4pCX_-6g8pBO5bJRhv0rKz6nzffhGMG-WXgOBYYM5hnY7A0XwYStQsHHMEawkmY96ltnf5JbUPjYWzw/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-12-30+at+8.46.34+PM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<ul>
<li><b><span style="color: blue;">Second here is my new v5 chromosome 10, which the segment is now entirely Native American (yellow and orange-red): </span></b></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqVANdg8bpqi9OAY02XgG59kXtgnJvR7oOvRzBhHnFil0VKjlQ1o8vmbZn_vE5d55Es50ljBfaRt__bq3bmhsnLyo4nERG5PdAtBsgHRD8R15RwVfoTKaTxYdjjkaRcnQCm3nGrqhtgAs/s1600/TL+Dixon+v5+chromosome+10+-+2+Native.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="37" data-original-width="408" height="57" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqVANdg8bpqi9OAY02XgG59kXtgnJvR7oOvRzBhHnFil0VKjlQ1o8vmbZn_vE5d55Es50ljBfaRt__bq3bmhsnLyo4nERG5PdAtBsgHRD8R15RwVfoTKaTxYdjjkaRcnQCm3nGrqhtgAs/s640/TL+Dixon+v5+chromosome+10+-+2+Native.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<ul>
<li><b><span style="color: blue;">Third here is my v5 chromosome 10 with just the Native American segment highlighted: </span></b></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVOG6Fej55PfdPh07LQSxhgy-jGawL2hOOQxlPBTz2cdbEHKn0ngEx6UTICdtIeCBvK5sIDJGjfw_nTpXeQRgkkEiy2LgxQR3zudqWo36cskjZsOqPaf1GC7tg_U9VkZJj6-CIUTB7Wgg/s1600/TL+Dixon+v5+Chromosome+10+Native.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="41" data-original-width="402" height="64" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVOG6Fej55PfdPh07LQSxhgy-jGawL2hOOQxlPBTz2cdbEHKn0ngEx6UTICdtIeCBvK5sIDJGjfw_nTpXeQRgkkEiy2LgxQR3zudqWo36cskjZsOqPaf1GC7tg_U9VkZJj6-CIUTB7Wgg/s640/TL+Dixon+v5+Chromosome+10+Native.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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It is amazing to see the Native American+European segment on my chromosome 10 to now be all Native American. In the past Dr. McDonald told me that on chromosomes 10 and 20 the Native American segment also had markers found in European populations. Because <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a></b>'s previous chip versions focused on European populations, the algorithm probably had more confidence in assigning European over Native American at these locations. Please note however at 90% confidence this new all Native American segment on <a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="font-weight: bold;">23andMe</a> <b>v5</b> disappears in part where the portion of the segment was formerly European on v3 and v4.<br />
<br />
<div>
Further we can examine <b><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a></span></b>'s <b><span style="color: red;">Precision rate</span></b> ("when the system predicts that a piece of DNA comes from population A, how often is the DNA actually from population A?") and <span style="color: red;"><b>Recall</b> <b>rate</b></span> ("of the pieces of DNA that actually are from population A, how often does the system correctly predict that they are from population A?") to understand the issue:</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><b><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> </span></b>says the French & German category Recall rate is a measly 8% (eight percent). Accordingly this means that 92 percent of real French & German admixture is not assigned to the namesake population category. By contrast the rates (Precision/Recall) for Sub Saharan African (99/99), Native American (99/86) and Ashkenazi Jewish (97/93) are very good. Read more about <b><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a>'s </span><span style="color: red;">Precision & Recall</span></b> <a href="https://www.23andme.com/ancestry-composition-guide/">here</a>.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
My cousin and fellow genetic genealogist <b>Rosario Naramore</b> often complained about another potential issue with <a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">23andMe</a>'s admixture reports <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">— </span>Native American being conflated with both European and Asian. Based on my comparative analysis here, Im beginning to realize Mr. Naramore may have a point, which could be a bit concerning for those lusting for accuracy. For example on my <a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="font-weight: bold;">23andMe</a> <b>v5 chromosome painting </b>the small segment on chromosome 20 that was Native American with Doug McDonald was Unassigned on v3 and v4, and is now Southeast Asian on <b>v5</b>. </div>
<br />
<b>Let's take closer look at my </b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b>23andMe</b></a><b> v5 results at 90% confidence mode:</b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWhEnnsftfMzZUlWEfpD76_1PK07s0foEyNu5RnGgvTNyahHRv2fmtA8UDH43lDnaMwMvNXwpQCw9PGEcnpSrHHPzNcrNvA4J9ta1_yUgLKdYKhZMHFb2RC5tneII5I6uHyBajY9YmfwE/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-12-12+at+1.39.04+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="810" data-original-width="819" height="632" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWhEnnsftfMzZUlWEfpD76_1PK07s0foEyNu5RnGgvTNyahHRv2fmtA8UDH43lDnaMwMvNXwpQCw9PGEcnpSrHHPzNcrNvA4J9ta1_yUgLKdYKhZMHFb2RC5tneII5I6uHyBajY9YmfwE/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-12-12+at+1.39.04+PM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
Notice how the Ashkenazi Jewish, Southeast Asian, and Native American persists. What's notable here is that the Oceania (Melanesian, Papuan, Pacific Islander) also survives at 90% confidence and at low amount <0.1%. The Oceania and South Asian (shown on higher confidence at <0.1%) comes from my father and is likely connected to my Malagasy ancestry, particularly the Southeast Asian (Borneo) component. Undoubtedly these small, trace admixtures are real components.<br />
<ul>
<li><b>As a bonus, here is my <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> </b>Parental Inheritance report comparing me and my father who is on v4. </b>When a parent and child tests at 23andMe the child's results are "phased" (meaning parent and child DNA results are compared to determine what ethnic component each parent contributed to the child's genome). <b><span style="color: blue;">The child (me) then receives an additional report like this one below:</span> </b></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrR6ufk5c6LOj1juhywvsLXcMWLmtE1sHCaHWnb3kqlu2bUfWvc9Td8FIao2S-f1B4trLy8j1a3VWrq6ODGQoUi5Sm4TCACsOHIs5UOijdLDaMITRkiznWLi-3RSsURNzBk-lppZAMgMg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-12-12+at+8.28.58+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="853" data-original-width="809" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrR6ufk5c6LOj1juhywvsLXcMWLmtE1sHCaHWnb3kqlu2bUfWvc9Td8FIao2S-f1B4trLy8j1a3VWrq6ODGQoUi5Sm4TCACsOHIs5UOijdLDaMITRkiznWLi-3RSsURNzBk-lppZAMgMg/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-12-12+at+8.28.58+AM.png" width="604" /></a></div>
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As you can see from my Parental Inheritance report, I get most of my African from my father and the majority of the European from my mother. With my Native American admixture I get 0.7%(+) from my mother, which is about right and most likely comes from my maternal grandfather who has a Native American haplogroup. If this 0.7%(+) was one event then this would mean my 5th- or 6th-great-grandmother on my maternal grandfather's direct matrilineal line probably had significant amounts of Native American ancestry and would have born mid-to-late 1700's. Notably I've only been able to trace this line to my 4th-great-grandmother Jane Wyckoff, born about 1800 in Central New Jersey; she was described as mulatto or black <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">— </span>and free <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">— </span>on pre-Civil War census records.<br />
<br />
This Parental Inheritance report also reveals that I've a separate NativeAmerican event from my father at 0.2%(+) and looks to be from his paternal side, with an ancestor likely born early 1700's. Where my father's paternal family lived in present-day Hinds County, Mississippi, many Choctaw tribes stayed behind rather than going to Oklahoma during Indian Removals and some were sharecroppers living next to my father's family! I've also two Southeast Asian (Malagasy) events but those are harder to time because Malagasy people have been mixed with Asian and African for at least 3000 years.<br />
<ul>
<li>My other <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a></b> <b>v5 ancestry reports</b> are the same as the prior chip versions in terms of haplogroups. I've 71 Neanderthal variants, a slight increase from v3 (69) and v4 (68). My <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a></b> <b>v5 </b>DNA Relatives list is 1159, which is coincidentally <b><span style="color: red;">23</span><span style="color: blue;"> fewer relatives </span></b>than with my v4 results! </li>
</ul>
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">CONCLUSION</span></b></div>
<div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Although all three of my <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> chip versions' </b>ancestry reports are similar to each other, my new <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> v5 </b>test is clearly the most consistent with my Doug McDonald BGA analysis (the Standard) and is more specific than my v3 and v4 Ancestry Composition reports. My smaller ancestry components like Native American, Southeast Asian, Ashkenazi Jewish and Oceania holds good at 90% confidence so are likely real affinities. This bodes well for my family genealogical research. My <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> v5</b> results did struggle with my European admixture, but if we consider <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> </b><b>v5</b> and Illumina's promises of ancestry improvements with this GSA chip I still feel like I hit the jackpot. In this regard <b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a></b> <b>v5 </b>retains its title as the world's best ethnicity admixture test with the most cutting-edge chromosome painting tool on the market.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Yet one has to wonder if the Illumina GSA chip's ability to allow for imputation will cause discrepancies in terms of <span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="font-weight: bold;">23andMe</a>'s<b> </b></span>DNA relative matching, which is concerning because it's important for my genetic connections to be as accurate as possible. Of the <b>23 DNA relatives </b>missing from my <a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="font-weight: bold;">23andMe</a> <b>v5 </b>report some of them include known, but distant, genetic matches. I expect such problems to exist and like other <b>v5</b> elements will likely improve. Illumina is discontinuing its OmniExpress chip and DTC DNA companies using microarray chips will probably switch to GSA so I expect current compatibility and conflation issues to be resolved in the near future as well. </div>
</div>
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So <b><span style="color: red;">YES</span></b>, <b><span style="color: red;">you should test NOW to be on the new 23andMe v5 GSA chip</span></b>, whether for ancestry or ancestry+health (which you can upgrade to later). If you're a current <b><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a></span></b> customer on an older chip version (v3 or v4), don't wait for any future fee-based update options simply because we don't know how long it will take for such an upgrade option to be offered ... and one was never given for previous chip versions! </div>
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I look forward to seeing your new <b><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a></span></b> <b><span style="color: blue;">v5</span></b> results and what more they reveal about your genetic ancestry. </div>
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<b>#END#</b></div>
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TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-44000463248144907552017-12-28T15:48:00.001-08:002017-12-30T08:19:59.479-08:0023andMe Restores Ability To See Ancestry Reports of DNA Relatives<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8_bjyf2eoe6cO5lnTGfDSDW4dtvOD17K6owjVt79wa0MajeKI5f4D1tcGT2OYC7BICSK20ru7iWtICt6H6_dIER6hdhZKg_2w3Z9Qa9pNCK_Cz9eR4LmVIfTbZ0zVNI7kSglKOmlRhFE/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-12-28+at+6.26.31+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="82" data-original-width="271" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8_bjyf2eoe6cO5lnTGfDSDW4dtvOD17K6owjVt79wa0MajeKI5f4D1tcGT2OYC7BICSK20ru7iWtICt6H6_dIER6hdhZKg_2w3Z9Qa9pNCK_Cz9eR4LmVIfTbZ0zVNI7kSglKOmlRhFE/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-12-28+at+6.26.31+PM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
23andMe FINALLY restored our ability to see the chromosome paintings and ancestry report of the people we are sharing with in your DNA Relatives list. This was another quiet and soft roll-out or restoration by the DTC personal genome service, and only appears to affect some US customer accounts for now.<br />
<br />
I've been campaigning a long time for 23andMe to restore this feature and raised the issue in several forums and blogs. Our ability to see our DNA relative's chromosome paintings was absconded when 23andMe decided to upgrade its interface and Web site (aka the New Experience) a couple of years ago. It was replaced with an "Ancestries in common" tool but without a chromosome painting. As a result the "Ancestries in common" tool wasn't very useful: the feature shows ALL of the ethnicity assignments shared between you and another person but you may not <i>genetically</i> share most of those ethnicity assignments through a common ancestor or ancestral couple. <br />
<br />
There are some caveats. If you're on chip version 3 (v3) or earlier, your DNA Relatives includes anyone you invited to share with you (whether related or not) but the new feature is missing. You will have to access it from "Your Connections" option on your Tools drop-down menu. Or you can invite your relatives and friends using the Share & Compare tool.<br />
<br />
For v4 and v5 customers, you can only see the ancestry compositions and chromosome paintings of the DNA relatives and friends <b><u>who accepts your request to share ancestry or ancestry+health reports.</u> </b>Even if your DNA Relative is "Open Sharing" with you, <b><u>a sharing request must be sent.</u></b><br />
<br />
Now let me show you how to access your DNA relative's Ancestry Composition reports:<br />
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<b><span style="color: blue;">(1)</span> On your Ancestry Composition reports page (v4, v5 customers), there is now new large module (located top, right), with the words "View a connection's results": </b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWObf38gUrToLlMgsjFW_EzhLm3a7bbW6DNDyk5j1RHcZ_1qOz97WhydrjcIyxssv0R9Jo3VCMgPUtzg_MnVwZ7lE9k8aLm9ImR-INLSkX1GJsEiWKRthooRhjF4T2LmboiaSRJCQGTQE/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-12-28+at+5.30.50+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="216" data-original-width="1227" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWObf38gUrToLlMgsjFW_EzhLm3a7bbW6DNDyk5j1RHcZ_1qOz97WhydrjcIyxssv0R9Jo3VCMgPUtzg_MnVwZ7lE9k8aLm9ImR-INLSkX1GJsEiWKRthooRhjF4T2LmboiaSRJCQGTQE/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-12-28+at+5.30.50+PM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;">(2)</span> You can also access your connections (v3 customers) by selecting from the Tools menu at the top of your 23andMe page:</b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4y1mC0l3AhMZraHijt06P2CfR0IijLwgRsTVDVXPJ-p02jXefTAA8JYhvTUnpgjyU-0NmhixqXUDhJ66UrXd5TJWk2GeOFX76IWfQ3FjB71dJbwum4rqj3cJky_hxXeg0xeyoIB8jF64/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-12-28+at+5.33.57+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="245" data-original-width="1223" height="128" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4y1mC0l3AhMZraHijt06P2CfR0IijLwgRsTVDVXPJ-p02jXefTAA8JYhvTUnpgjyU-0NmhixqXUDhJ66UrXd5TJWk2GeOFX76IWfQ3FjB71dJbwum4rqj3cJky_hxXeg0xeyoIB8jF64/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-12-28+at+5.33.57+PM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<b><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: blue;">(3) </span>Finally a list of Your Connections (or DNA Relatives) that you're sharing reports with will appear on a drop-down list (I removed the names below). When you select a person and the View button (to the right), you will be able to see their Ancestry Composition percentages AND their chromosome paintings:</b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkvJUeHfHSw_Q_4jNKJawtCWVd03vOhTAFk9QRD-XHwDznx9q98pL1DAzx4rgfaM_qcW_Y4KP8bqOc3DrEwzmRrI_RcxCjO0e5TaDhHY03ygQAskMdqQStARFlQ8avmv8DaMVzQOjsFno/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-12-28+at+10.25.09+PM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="1107" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkvJUeHfHSw_Q_4jNKJawtCWVd03vOhTAFk9QRD-XHwDznx9q98pL1DAzx4rgfaM_qcW_Y4KP8bqOc3DrEwzmRrI_RcxCjO0e5TaDhHY03ygQAskMdqQStARFlQ8avmv8DaMVzQOjsFno/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-12-28+at+10.25.09+PM.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Once you choose the person -- here I picked "DM" -- you can it see it takes me right to DM's Ancestry Composition report: </b><br />
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<b>And DM's chromosome painting:</b></div>
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So if you're a 23andMe customer, you will be extremely happy at the return of our ability to see the ancestry reports and chromosome paintings of the people we're sharing with. We will able to better trace and see the ethnicity of the segments we share with those relatives, which I discuss at length in my Ethnicity Chromosome Mapping blog <b><a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/2015/05/ethnicity-chromosome-mapping.html">here</a>. </b><br />
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<b><span style="color: red;">King Genome's Wisdom: </span>Don't forget to "Request to share" (as shown below) with your DNA Relatives even if you are Open Sharing with them; the "Sharing" option is located at bottom of the page when you click on any of your DNA relatives. You can also invite Friends by going to the "Share & Compare" feature and inviting them by their 23andMe log-in e-mail. </b><br />
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Happy Exploring!<br />
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<b><br /></b>TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-48191952443335801552017-10-22T14:01:00.014-07:002020-10-25T16:01:17.834-07:00Guide to Building Your Family Haplotree<div style="margin-bottom: 6px;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I've been working on a pet project to supplement my genealogical research, and in this deep dive I'm going to share it with you as follows:</span><br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I. Mitochodrial-DNA & Y-DNA Testing Options </span></b></div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">II. Intro to Family HaploTree Building</span></b></div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><b>III.</b></span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"> </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold;">Constructing Your Family HaploTree</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="color: blue;">IV.</b> <span style="color: blue;"><b>Proving Family Anecdote with HaploTree Building</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">As a genetic genealogist </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I'm keen to know if there are haplogroups in my </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">pedigree that are rare, newly discovered or only found in specific populations and biogeographical regions. I'm also looking to use haplogroups for ancient ancestral research, to help me trace family surnames that have disappeared in the bowels of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade as well as the migration paths of my immigrant forebears from their homelands to the Americas. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Since learning about my own <b>Maternal</b> (or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup">mitochondrial DNA</a>) and <b>Paterna</b>l (or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup">Y-chromosome DNA</a>) Haplogroups, I'm naturally inquisitive about the ones that I <b><span style="color: red;">DIDN'T </span></b>inherit from my parents and other direct pedigree relatives (grandparents, great-grandparents, 2nd-great-grandparents, 3rd-great-grandparents, etc).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Based on the unique inheritance patterns of human <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_genetics">Mitochondrial DNA</a> (Mt-DNA) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosome">Y-chromosome DNA</a> (Y-DNA), a </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">child only inherits their mother's mt-DNA haplogroup through a direct matrilineal line (ie from his/her mother, her mother, her mother, etc), and if male his father's Y-DNA haplogroup through a direct patrilineal line (ie from his father, his father, his father, etc). </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">This means a child (me) never inherits their father's maternal haplogroup nor from their mother's father.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Going</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> to the next generation [my 4 grandparents] this leaves four more haplogroups (3 mt-DNA and</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 1 Y-DNA) that I wouldn't inherit. And even more in the next generation [from my 8 great-grandparents]. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Yet these<b style="font-style: italic;"> </b>are<b style="font-style: italic;"> my </b>direct forebears and even though I didn't inherit their haplogroups directly it means that<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> by extension I biologically descend from an ancestor bearing the haplogroup. So it becomes genetically and genealogically relevant for me. </span></span><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">[Be sure to read </span><b style="color: blue;">Section IV </b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">to learn about an intriguing haplogroup discovery in my family pedigree.]</span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ultimately I want to identify, document and trace all of </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">my other direct fore-parents' haplogroups</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> back to their root populations to reveal what stories they tell. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px;"><b style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: large;">I. Mt-DNA & Y-DNA Testing Options</span></b></div></div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">In this first section I discuss mtDNA and Y-DNA testing options. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">You will need these tests to find out about these </span><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">other</i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> haplogroups in your family. It'a also important </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">to take the right kinds of DNA tests for this project. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">The testing options listed below focus on mtDNA and Y-DNA, including stand-alone products (separate mtDNA and Y-DNA tests), packaged products (mtDNA, Y-DNA, autosomal-DNA for one price), and whole genomic sequencing options. I recommend taking a high resolution mtDNA and Y-DNA test, but as you test more relatives it may be economical to choose a basic test for them.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: red;">Reminder:</span></b> For this project, I highly recommend each of your relatives first do an autosomal DNA test to confirm the relationship between you and your shared fore-parent. </span></li></ul><a href="www.23andme.com"><b>23andMe</b></a> ($99 US) — offers basic haplogroup assignment predictions based on low coverage mtDNA and Y-DNA, included with its autosomal DNA test product. Haplogroup assignment generally accurate, but may not be as specific because 23andMe utilizes the outdated Build 7 platform. <br /><b><span style="color: red;">Noteworthy:</span></b> If you're watching your budget 23andMe is the most economical option to test learn about the basic (low res) haplogroups of your direct relatives. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px;"><br /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px;"><b style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://portal.nebula.org/invite/accept/SEC1shiHT" style="font-family: georgia;">Nebula Genomics</a></b><span style="font-family: georgia;"> ($299 US + subscription*) — offers whole genomic sequence testing (30x or 100x, priced higher) testing. Primarily a health testing site, Nebula is joining the genetic genealogy world. COMING SOON (4Q2020) "Deep Genetic Ancestry" testing with full Y-DNA and mitochondrial-DNA haplogroup reporting via partnership with FamilyTreeDNA. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px;"><b style="font-family: georgia;"><span style="color: red;">Noteworthy:</span></b><span style="font-family: georgia;"> Most economical Whole Genomic Sequence test on the market to date. FREE access to your raw data (BAM, FASTQ) files for upload to third-party sites that interpret Y-DNA and mtDNA data. *Subscription options are for customers who want continuous updates and new reports. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /><br /><a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/"><b>FamilyTreeDNA </b></a> (price varies) — offers a range of mtDNA, Y-DNA, and autosomal DNA testing, but I recommended only the Full Mitochondrial Sequence test ($199 US) and Big Y 700 ($449* US). FTDNA's mtDNA and Y-DNA tests are separate products so testing can get pricey. <br /><b><span style="color: red;">Noteworthy: </span></b>FTDNA has the largest database of mtDNA and Y-DNA testers; largest Y-DNA phylotree, and offers haplogroup projects you can join. <br /><br /><a href="https://www.fullgenomes.com/"><b>Full Genomes Corp</b></a> — offers an array of whole genome sequencing (from $675) and Y-DNA products, including the high resolution Y-Elite test ($425, Y-DNA only). Interpretation services included in the cost of some products but offered as stand-alone product as well (from $75). <br /><b><span style="color: red;">Noteworthy:</span></b> Full Genome Corp. offers a payment plan option to help defray costs. Has highest quality results of competitive Y-DNA and WGS 30x tests. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px;"><b style="font-family: georgia;"><a href="https://www.yseq.net/" style="font-family: georgia;">YSEQ</a></b><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">— offers whole genome sequencing tests (from $740), and an array Y-DNA STR and SNP panels (from $18.00). Includes deep sequencing for mt-DNA and Y-DNA with whole genome sequencing product. Interpretation services included.</span><span style="font-family: georgia;"> </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: red;">Noteworthy:</span></b> YSEQ helped discover the oldest Y-DNA haplogroup ever found to date, changing what we know about Y-DNA phylogeny. [Read my <b>A00 Cameroon story <a href="https://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/2017/01/a00-cameroon-research-project-and.html">here</a></b>].<br /><br /><a href="https://us.dantelabs.com/"><b>Dante Labs</b></a> (starting $599) — offers whole genomic sequence testing (30x) and a range of other products. Primarily a health testing site, whole genomic sequence test is good quality</span><span style="font-family: georgia;">. </span><span style="font-family: georgia;">Free access to your raw data files (BAM, FASTA) for upload to third-party sites that interpret Y-DNA and mtDNA data.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px;"><span style="font-family: georgia;"><b><span style="color: red;">Noteworthy:</span></b> Dante Labs on sale can be as low as $199 for a WGS 30x test. <br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>King Genome's Tips:</b></span><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;"> James Lick's excellent <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#"><b>mtDNA Haplogroup Analysis tool</b></a>. When you upload your mt-DNA raw data files from AncestryDNA, 23andMe and FamilyTreeDNA (FASTA), it will be conformed to the new build. This could lead to a better mt-DNA haplogroup prediction.</span></li></ul><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: georgia;">For males taking high-resolution Y-DNA tests and both sexes taking full mitochondrial DNA testings, you can upload your raw data file (BAM or vcf) to <a href="https://www.yfull.com/"><b>YFull</b></a> ($49 US), an interpretation service for next generation sequencing products. Please read Linda Thompson Jonas's excellent blogs <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">here</a> and <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">here</a> to learn more about the importance of deep Y-DNA testing.</span></li></ul></span></div><div><div style="margin-bottom: 6px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 6px;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">II. Intro to Family HaploTree Building</span></b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpDLwNRoMrArwJU5hFqAvYi2NZIgeRZgFhh9UjjOjt8r7UoqcMSrBHvx8PLkvEudh4dDiWhlYt4E6ds2k-WCEdv6YAT5umTDDv3LtMtESzX8TfBaMhV1zYBoFxZMSXVUlD2rUwmOGwbbs/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-10-18+at+1.21.13+PM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="741" data-original-width="1194" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpDLwNRoMrArwJU5hFqAvYi2NZIgeRZgFhh9UjjOjt8r7UoqcMSrBHvx8PLkvEudh4dDiWhlYt4E6ds2k-WCEdv6YAT5umTDDv3LtMtESzX8TfBaMhV1zYBoFxZMSXVUlD2rUwmOGwbbs/s400/Screen+Shot+2017-10-18+at+1.21.13+PM.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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Source: National Genographic screenshot</div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;"><span><a name='more'></a></span></div><div style="margin: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Tracing </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">haplogroups</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> may be helpful if you want to learn more about your direct matrilineal and patrilineal ancient origins, population migration patterns, for tracing a surname or proving paternity, or if the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">haplogroup</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> is common or exclusive in certain populations (i.e. Native Americans, Malagasy, Jewish), all of which may lend more clarity about the origins or source population of the haplogroup. And you can do the same thing with your other direct line pedigree ancestors too. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In the past genetic genealogists and scientists have effectively used <span style="background-color: white;">mtDNA and Y-DNA</span> testing to prove genetic connections to a specific ancestor, ancestral population, tribe and/or biogeographical region, and to break down the proverbial brick wall. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">For example, genetic genealogist <u><b>Andre Kearns</b></u> used Y-DNA testing to confirm whether or not his African-American 3rd-great-grandfather <u>James Henry Johnson</u> was the child of one of his slave master <u>John Smyer</u>'s sons. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Mr. Kearns cleverly tested his cousin Greg's Y-DNA at <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/"><b><span style="color: black;">FamilyTreeDNA</span></b></a>. Greg</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> is a direct-line patrilineal descendant of James Henry Johnson. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">If Mr. Kearns' hypothesis is correct, then his strategically-placed cousin Greg and the direct-line patrilineal male descendants of John Smyer will have the same Y-DNA haplogroup. Here are the results: </span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Screenshot of Andre Kearns' presentation </td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">As you can see in the screenshot above, Mr Kearns's cousin Greg shares the same Y-DNA haplogroup assignment J-M172 with not one but two Smyers (also spelled Smoyer/Schmier) descendants — and with genetic distance of "0" (zero), which means they match perfectly (ie without differentiating mutations). We also learn this branch of Mr. Kearns' family tree comes from men who most likely had origins in Deustchland (Germany). [For Andre Kearns's full and amazing story please see his blog </span><a href="https://medium.com/@andrekearns/successfully-researching-slaveholding-ancestors-7c54a0d2430b" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">here</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> and video presentation </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hXWm4crAV2E&feature=youtu.be" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">here</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">.]</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />Furthermore it is important to know that females don't have a Paternal Haplogroup because the Y-chromosome is absent in them. However you can learn about the Y-DNA of a female's father by testing her father, full brother, paternal grandfather, paternal uncle or paternal uncle's son.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Lately at personal genome service <a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b><span style="color: black;">23andMe</span></b></a>, if a female customer's father or full brother takes the test, then the company will provide the female customer's account with a Y-DNA haplogroup assignment, which has caused some confusion. <b><a href="http://www.23andme.com/"><span style="color: black;">23andMe</span></a> </b>explains: </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIcXSFNnN9AJ1biCYJBmQcdZXeK_-p8xJX17cGxZRF49hpw1v-2jsCBumWfOFE6tqqryjiaQsDrO0VJXvUj0jrd9FEDwzyahfazRzpDQimmoO6ID2AktzXjXBvMTkE1XgXD6H-fY62UXU/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-09-11+at+3.41.10+PM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="159" data-original-width="634" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIcXSFNnN9AJ1biCYJBmQcdZXeK_-p8xJX17cGxZRF49hpw1v-2jsCBumWfOFE6tqqryjiaQsDrO0VJXvUj0jrd9FEDwzyahfazRzpDQimmoO6ID2AktzXjXBvMTkE1XgXD6H-fY62UXU/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-09-11+at+3.41.10+PM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">23andMe screenshot on Y-chromosome (paternal) haplogroup assignments</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The point here is you can use the same methods utilized by genetic genealogist Andre Kearns and 23andMe <span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 14px;">— </span>along with strategic DNA testing </span><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: 14px;">—</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> to discover the maternal and paternal haplogroups of any of your ancestors, even one of your 3rd-great-grandparents. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">III. Constructing Your Family's HaploTree</span></b></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-kEDAUuqIEcuUUWe6CCEYJ7WhwyQRYLreKOWofnGGDl4T42k0lLL-BtrHiDOwxDG47xu6NZeHR7IfbODlX3_bEZvDq0IIH6eHD3zcLHZzq7yNK3ow4hsH6Lvd_DLL0_ASGtoo8LN7wC0/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-10-28+at+3.03.38+PM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="894" data-original-width="711" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-kEDAUuqIEcuUUWe6CCEYJ7WhwyQRYLreKOWofnGGDl4T42k0lLL-BtrHiDOwxDG47xu6NZeHR7IfbODlX3_bEZvDq0IIH6eHD3zcLHZzq7yNK3ow4hsH6Lvd_DLL0_ASGtoo8LN7wC0/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-10-28+at+3.03.38+PM.png" width="507" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Source: Mark Orwig, smarterhobby.com, used by permission.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In this section I'm going to discuss how you can learn about your <i>other </i>fore-parents haplogroups by testing strategically-placed relatives. Obviously if you can test a parent, grandparent or great-grandparent would be fantastic. But if you can't then using these<b> 3 Steps </b>will help: </span><br />
<h3>
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Step 1. Getting Started</span></h3>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Construct your family tree/pedigree and add as many generations as possible, especially your fore-parents (ie grandparents, great-grandparents) and their siblings, well as their progeny (children, grandchildren). </span></li>
</ul>
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<div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Document the haplogroups you have already discovered in your family. For example since you inherited an exact copy of your mt-DNA from your mother, her mother, her mother etc you already know the haplogroups of those fore-mothers. If you are a male you also inherited an exact copy of your Y-chromosome from your father, his father, his father etc you already know the haplogroups of those fore-fathers. Both of these lineal lines are accounted for no matter how far you go back in generations. </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Check to see if you've relatives that have already tested with a direct link to one of your fore-parents. </span></li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="font-family: Times;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Step 2. Identify Strategically Placed Relatives</span></span></b></span></h3>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Identify the ancestor whose haplogroup you want to document. For example, I've always wanted to know about the mtDNA of my maternal grandfather. But he is deceased and so is my mother and her brother. Remember a male does not pass down his mtDNA. </span><i style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">[Be sure to read </span><b style="color: blue;">Section III </b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">to learn about an intriguing haplogroup discovery in my family pedigree.]</span></i></li>
</ul>
<ul></ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Identify all living relatives with a direct matrilineal or patrilineal link to one of your fore-parents. For example I know my maternal grandfather had 9 siblings so they all would have the same maternal haplogroup. However my grandfather is deceased so I turn to my grandfather's nieces from his sisters as well my grandfather's maternal aunt's children — they are all living and would have the same maternal haplogroup as my maternal grandfather. </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">So if you (like myself) wanted to know about your grandfather's maternal haplogroup (which he gets from his mother — your great-grandmother) but your grandfather is deceased, you can test living relatives with a direct matrilineal link to your grandfather's mother (including his sisters, his sister's children, his sister's daughters children, etc) as they would've inherited the same maternal haplogroup as your grandfather.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Each of these living DNA relatives<b> MUST</b> have <u><b>proven genetic ties</b></u> to you and your fore-parent and have a <u style="font-weight: bold;">direct matrilineal</u> or <u style="font-weight: bold;">patrilineal path</u> to<b> </b>them<b>. </b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Test each of these strategic relatives at a DNA company that offers an autosomal-DNA product to make sure the genetic relationship between you and your relative is legitimate.</span></li>
</ul>
<b style="color: red; font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">King Genome's Tip: </b></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">For the best haplogroup results I highly recommend taking the Full Mitochondrial Sequence and next generation sequencing Y-DNA tests [see<span style="font-weight: bold;"> <span style="color: blue;">Section IV</span></span>], as well as reading <u><b>Mark Orwig</b></u>'s blog on types of DNA tests <a href="https://www.smarterhobby.com/genealogy/best-dna-test/#tab-con-2">here</a>. </span></li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Step 3. Charting Your Family Haplogroups</span></b></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Once you've identified your living relatives </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">with a direct link to your fore-parents</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, you will now chart them on: <b><span style="color: blue;">(a) </span></b></span><b>MtDNA & Y-DNA Inheritance Descendants Chart </b>AND <b><span style="color: blue;">(b)</span> Master MtDNA & Y-DNA Pedigree chart. </b><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">(a) MtDNA & Y-DNA Inheritance Descendants Chart</span></b><br />
In the example below I start with a blank mtDNA & Y-DNA Inheritance chart:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2evMKXFMky5NCBc3wUlsz5Bs_MunND5FZRZbbWXKQmEMCM_JjewX2K5aKvGvBDvlU-srKRHuMEdf7U6yPZ5siLwg5TlZ23aOov72Is8eHpcB1h_c20sNTGJl8uPoBnLEV_kb6c4R67Uw/s1600/ydna%2526mtdna-inheritance-2007.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="635" data-original-width="779" height="520" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2evMKXFMky5NCBc3wUlsz5Bs_MunND5FZRZbbWXKQmEMCM_JjewX2K5aKvGvBDvlU-srKRHuMEdf7U6yPZ5siLwg5TlZ23aOov72Is8eHpcB1h_c20sNTGJl8uPoBnLEV_kb6c4R67Uw/s640/ydna%2526mtdna-inheritance-2007.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">On the chart above, choose a fore-parent's haplogroup that you want to uncover and then list all of their direct descendants. This fore-parent would be listed at the top of the chart.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">On the Y-DNA Inheritance portion of the chart, I started with my cousin's great-grandfather (the top black square). All of the squares below him represent his great-grandfather's descendants that would have inherited his Y-DNA, including his son (my cousin's grandfather), grandson (my cousin's father) and his son (my cousin). </span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">On the mt-DNA Inheritance portion of the chart, I started with my own </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">maternal grandfather's mother</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> (the top black circle) and all of the black circles below her represent her descendant daughters who would have inherited her mt-DNA haplogroup, and the black squares represent her descendant sons who would have inherited her mt-DNA haplogroup. Here are my findings:</span></span></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9knzEXQEKo9vkqJkTh8ySOQkKRpK8zuRNe1u7jfVZsJFK9GmodqUwerJ8UgWSOdz0_1NCVJKhEp71Z6ewg9aD8z_t5OipYoxq0s2LU614AXCXjpo-X5Ey9r6Pc9n1GrKT2VzQD5_F4rA/s1600/ydna%2526mtdna+inheritance+ME.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="635" data-original-width="779" height="520" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9knzEXQEKo9vkqJkTh8ySOQkKRpK8zuRNe1u7jfVZsJFK9GmodqUwerJ8UgWSOdz0_1NCVJKhEp71Z6ewg9aD8z_t5OipYoxq0s2LU614AXCXjpo-X5Ey9r6Pc9n1GrKT2VzQD5_F4rA/s640/ydna%2526mtdna+inheritance+ME.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">As you can see my cousin paternal great-grandfather is Y-DNA Q1a3a and my </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">maternal grandfather's mother (or my </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">great-grandmother) is mt-DNA B2. </span></div>
<h3>
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Step 4. Master Charting Your Results </span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Finally create a <b>Master Mt-DNA & Y-DNA Pedigree Chart</b> to document your family's haplogroup information, and of course to show off the fruits of your labor.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In my chart, I only went to the third generation because</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> it gets more complicated after that</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span> In the "Relationship Column" I listed my parents, all four grandparents, and all 8 great-grandparents by generation. For privacy reasons I excluded the names of my fore-parents but please add yours to make things easier. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I also took the liberty of adding the origins of my family's haplogroups and indicated the type of test taken. For my female ancestors I used "inferred" when listing their Y-DNA haplogroups because they don't have a Y-chromosome. Essentially you can customize your Master Chart to suit your needs. <b>Without further ado, here are my results:</b></span></div>
<b style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></b>
<b style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">(b) TL Dixon's Master Mt-DNA & Y-DNA Pedigree Chart</b><br />
<b style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><br /></b>
<b><span style="color: red;">1ST GENERATION & 2ND GENERATION (combined)</span></b><br />
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><b>3RD GENERATION</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">On my Master Chart above, as you can see the majority of my family haplogroups are most likely of West African origin </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">(L1b1a, L1c2a1, L3f1b1a) </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">but there is a European (I-M253) and Native American (B2) one too. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Also me and my 2nd-great-grandfather on my mother's paternal side have the same parental Y-DNA haplogroup E-U290. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I learned about my 2nd-great-grandfather's Y-DNA haplogroup by testing a great-grandson of my 2nd-great-grandfather with a direct patrilineal link to him. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I would need to test my cousin's Y-DNA more to learn if it's the same specific sub-group as mines. However I now know the <i>inferred</i> Y-DNA haplogroup of my maternal grandfather's mother is E-U290! ... </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">It's worth noting that when I tested my Y-DNA via next generation sequencing, my terminal haplogroup <b>E</b></span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">-3950*</b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> forms a NEW sub-clade, and until more people test I'm the only person in the world with this signature mutation. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Each of the "Unknown" and "To be determined" entries in my Master Chart means a missing branch of my family's haplotree. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">For example, in the 2nd Generation, in order to find my maternal grandmother's inferred Y-DNA haplogroup [which is carried by her father] I need to test a direct patrilineal male descendant of her father. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In the 3rd generation, I need to determine my maternal grandmother's father mt-DNA haplogroup so I will need to test one of my great-grandfather's nieces from one of his sisters or one of their daughters, or their daughters. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />I've a lot of work to do. </span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I must find </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">— and convince —</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> living relatives with direct matrilineal and patrilineal links back to my fore-parents to test. Now I'll put this exercise into genealogical perspective by sharing a personal family haplotree discovery with you.</span><br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">IV. </span></span></b><b style="color: blue; font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> Proving Family Anecdote with Haplogroup Tree Building</span></b><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBoF2801b_7B_heC-y43ExIoYzaDwjlsPFJNDxJAFPgcA1N_z0HgyrT8SMLzSgsmJt27edBhF4FIGBuPdJyMe8oDelOcBD2BZUuSsnInMgSKXhlE5mbmfwL9JhhgLEtrfRMXgl734Mdzg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-10-16+at+11.32.26+AM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="428" data-original-width="757" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBoF2801b_7B_heC-y43ExIoYzaDwjlsPFJNDxJAFPgcA1N_z0HgyrT8SMLzSgsmJt27edBhF4FIGBuPdJyMe8oDelOcBD2BZUuSsnInMgSKXhlE5mbmfwL9JhhgLEtrfRMXgl734Mdzg/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-10-16+at+11.32.26+AM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">From left: my great-grandaunt <b>Virginia Jackson Van Ness</b>; my great-grandaunt <b>Clara Jackson Van Horn</b>; and my great-grandmother <b>Mary Louise Jackson Winkey</b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I didn't grow up with my maternal grandfather's side of the family so when I found them a few years ago, I was eager to get to know more about them. It was bittersweet because my mother, her only sibling, my grandfather and all of his siblings had passed away. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Around the same time I began DNA testing myself at all of the major companies to maximize my genealogical research. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Of course we had the ubiquitous Native American rumor. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt;">According to my grandfather's niece and family historian <b><u>Gwen Crews</u></b>, my grandfather's maternal grandmother Sophia Shipley, born 1862 in White House, Hunterdon, New Jersey, knew our Native American relatives. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt;">My 2nd-great-grandmother <b>Sophia Shipley</b> married<b> Claiborne Jackson</b>, who migrated from Louisa Virginia, and together they </span><span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt;">had 11 children: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(1)</span></b> Ida<b>;</b> <span style="color: blue;"><b>(2)</b> </span>Inda; <b><span style="color: blue;">(3)</span></b> <span style="color: red;"><b>Virginia</b></span>; <b><span style="color: blue;">(4)</span></b> Nelson Franklin; <b><span style="color: blue;">(5)</span></b> Mabel; <b><span style="color: blue;">(6)</span> </b>Gladys; <span style="color: blue;"><b>(7)</b> </span><b><span style="color: red;">Clara Evelyn</span></b>; </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(8)</span></b> Leroy; <b><span style="color: blue;">(9)</span></b> Claiborne Jr; <b><span style="color: blue;">(10)</span> </b>John, and my great grandmother, <b><span style="color: blue;">(11)</span></b> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt;"><b>Mary Louise</b></span><span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt;">. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 16px;">Cousin Gwen says my 2nd-great-grandparents and their big family were the only black folks living in the unincorporated community of Finderne, Somerset, New Jersey. My own research shows that <b>Sophia Shipley</b> and her ancestors were free people of color with colonial roots in New Jersey. Sophia's mother was <b>Mary Jane Wyckoff</b> (born 1828) and her mother was <b>Jane</b> (born 1800, maiden name unknown). They were all either described as "Colored," "Mulatto" or "Black" on most federal census records. Notably indigenous populations were often classified in the same manner in New Jersey and other places as well. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 16px;">From a historic standpoint, the colonial New Jersey hinterland had an African presence (enslaved, indentured, freed and escaped) since the 1600's and they intermixed with indigenous and European populations. Many came directly from Africa (Guinea Coast) into New York harbor while others arrived after first being seasoned in the Caribbean (Barbados). My ancestors were among them. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">When I saw photos of my great-grandmother Mary Louise and two her siblings Virginia and Clara (all pictured above), I knew there must be something to the family rumors. Although phenotypes are an unreliable indicator of ethnicity the faces of my ancestresses looked to have Native American and/or Asian influences. </span><span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 16px;">The good news is they had lots of children (including my great-grandmother with 10), grandchildren and great-grandchildren to test. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Enter cousin </span><span style="color: red;"><u>Richard Oakley</u></span>.</b> I met him on AncestryDNA in 2012 when we were doing research on the same family. <span style="font-size: 12pt;">According to Richard, his great-grandmother was Sophia Shipley, his grandmother was her daughter Virginia "Jenny" Jackson, and his mother was Virgina's daughter Clara Harvey (she was named after her aunt Clara Jackson pictured above). This would make cousin Richard my second cousin once removed. This is because Richard's grandmother Virginia and my great-grandmother Mary Louise were sisters and both were daughters of Sophia Shipley. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">And l</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">ike cousin Gwen, our newly found relative Richard told me that he'd heard Sophia Shipley had some sort of Mohawk Indian heritage, and that there was a photo her in buckskin shoes and holding a peace pipe. I was thinking Lenni Lenape or Carib Indian. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt;">Thus I identified cousin Richard as the perfectly strategic candidate to test. His mt-DNA haplogroup result would tell us more about our shared ancestor Sophia Shipley on her direct matrilineal line. Needless to say I convinced Richard to test. As a control bonus, I was able to test Richard's 94-year-old mother <b>Clara Harvey</b>, </span><span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 16px;">his 89-year-old uncle</span><span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt;"> <b>L. Van Ness </b>and our cousin<b> Catherine Brunson, </b>who maternal grandmother was my great-grandaunt Clara Jackson. ... They should all have the exact same mt-DNA haplogroup! </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "palatino"; font-size: 12pt;">First let's start with my 23ndMe autosomal-DNA test results and triangulation tool to prove that we are in fact related to each other:</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1g5vYYsxlNvz-rHiYDaS49xNaLjImYkF-o0lieKpcd5c-1q5f46y-wxGpUQ3XlQ3X2UyJ-PQZfuqLk6xKb7fhbYVgKn2fTS9LXhmVWHJ9ZhyQwPa9kX9wMUfo-9KFcGRyQcVjN3JbxHk/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-10-17+at+1.38.53+PM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="842" data-original-width="854" height="393" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1g5vYYsxlNvz-rHiYDaS49xNaLjImYkF-o0lieKpcd5c-1q5f46y-wxGpUQ3XlQ3X2UyJ-PQZfuqLk6xKb7fhbYVgKn2fTS9LXhmVWHJ9ZhyQwPa9kX9wMUfo-9KFcGRyQcVjN3JbxHk/s400/Screen+Shot+2017-10-17+at+1.38.53+PM.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><b>Part 1: TL Dixon vs. cousins Richard Oakley, Clara Harvey, L. Van Ness and Catherine Brunson</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><b>Part 2: TL Dixon vs. cousins Richard Oakley, Clara Harvey, L Van Ness and Catherine Brunson</b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">As you can see the 23andMe results supports that we are related to each other in the range of first cousins twice removed and second cousins once removed. Although I didn't post here for brevity reasons, I also compared each of my cousins to each other and myself </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> — </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">we are all related to each other. In fact we form what is known as a Triangulation Group (TG). [See <b><u>Blaine Bettinger</u></b>'s blog on triangulation proof standards <a href="https://thegeneticgenealogist.com/2016/06/19/a-triangulation-intervention/">here</a>.]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Further proof — I match Richard, his mother and uncle on the X-chromosome (as seen above). This is crucial because as males Richard, his uncle and I could have only inherited our one X-chromosome from our mothers. Therefore the possibility of a paternal-side match between us as a TG can be ruled out. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />Next I examined the mt-DNA haplogroup results for Richard, his mother, his uncle and our cousin Catherine Brunson. First I reveal Richard and his mother's 23andme mt-DNA haplogroup results:</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuiWwWqEzCxmJ8DmQqdb53x0p0P_kWl3C_CWYT2_FbhbnHqjfzFt1p7rHVpE1WJF-dcYqERuEIp788k8mV9i0EfjzeMz_wNs-oBBXcIG69amY_7_J8JiSEHroknlHF8pBJpN1lP9904P8/s1600/Clara+Harvey+Maternal+Lineage.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="824" data-original-width="978" height="538" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuiWwWqEzCxmJ8DmQqdb53x0p0P_kWl3C_CWYT2_FbhbnHqjfzFt1p7rHVpE1WJF-dcYqERuEIp788k8mV9i0EfjzeMz_wNs-oBBXcIG69amY_7_J8JiSEHroknlHF8pBJpN1lP9904P8/s640/Clara+Harvey+Maternal+Lineage.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">23andMe old screenshot</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">As you can see their mtDNA haplogroup is <b><span style="color: red;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_B_(mtDNA)">B2</a></span></b>, one of the five founder haplogroups found among the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas">indigenous peoples of the Americas</a>. We were shocked. This result could prove our our Native American ancestry through our shared ancestor Sophia Shipley. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">On my 23andMe DNA Relatives list below you can see Richard, his mother Clara Harvey, his uncle L. Van Ness and our cousin Catherine Brunson show as mt-DNA haplogroup <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b>:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqb8dB7hRli3ECrMybyXowGh28NZK1cjffhhtI2b037fcvUMXKVa4VqQ4__aLDdzr_boRzOlrn6tptsv6quoR9r15X4QExIHmOjtqwHs6AJZF0GBWhFqXIFsCsZn9fZg56ZRcWPb4obtg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2015-04-25+at+12.18.26+PM.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="856" data-original-width="872" height="627" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqb8dB7hRli3ECrMybyXowGh28NZK1cjffhhtI2b037fcvUMXKVa4VqQ4__aLDdzr_boRzOlrn6tptsv6quoR9r15X4QExIHmOjtqwHs6AJZF0GBWhFqXIFsCsZn9fZg56ZRcWPb4obtg/s640/Screen+Shot+2015-04-25+at+12.18.26+PM.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Here is a close-up of me and Catherine Brunson, who is my and Richard's second cousin once removed. Her maternal grandmother was Clara Jackson Van Horn and as you can see her mt-DNA haplogroup is B2:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguOGi5925ZUsEiJQ0w_QjT1jf_Jo_ZG6oMft9J6-T4BP_be2HoMyVy4_Qu4tDl6crAefxONO-8qlYtpMFkjGo3Ak8tOYNYrMxEwKFO4OOYmumQWjWk-lsu5HA-GpsBnEPf1IHJl5Fln0c/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-10-25+at+10.22.55+PM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="151" data-original-width="739" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguOGi5925ZUsEiJQ0w_QjT1jf_Jo_ZG6oMft9J6-T4BP_be2HoMyVy4_Qu4tDl6crAefxONO-8qlYtpMFkjGo3Ak8tOYNYrMxEwKFO4OOYmumQWjWk-lsu5HA-GpsBnEPf1IHJl5Fln0c/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-10-25+at+10.22.55+PM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I added my new family haplogroup discovery to one an mtDNA & Y-DNA Inheritance chart but this time using AncestryDNA's FamilyTree program to show my and Richard's link to Sophia Shipley. Here are two screenshots (click to enlarge). </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicSO9ZRVvXQNDsIxD33yd3EfxBgAYVhw2s2_9fAqB-g4h1LFc7yIWMpcH5XQfAqGhDcl5Y0vBigCXJwBx_bPquGywg2aERxDQ-3KItxQphBuoF7vDyg5vrixK6X-m2wy07rPmvnuYNMCQ/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-10-16+at+12.22.22+PM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="779" data-original-width="510" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicSO9ZRVvXQNDsIxD33yd3EfxBgAYVhw2s2_9fAqB-g4h1LFc7yIWMpcH5XQfAqGhDcl5Y0vBigCXJwBx_bPquGywg2aERxDQ-3KItxQphBuoF7vDyg5vrixK6X-m2wy07rPmvnuYNMCQ/s400/Screen+Shot+2017-10-16+at+12.22.22+PM.png" width="260" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><b>My connection to Sophia Shipley </b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGHuOwR7K821SQ-3kAIm4fC_Rv6gptjfnf7LHGFMRrIG-sG8FfP1tstoCNGtwPz3HoOpP7GcLiVwd-86Xt3Kgv1eamjc6cjUwto596s424QRw_D_jha7RcKIaA_mBle2bcSKoyN-F1AIU/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-10-16+at+12.23.07+PM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="780" data-original-width="667" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGHuOwR7K821SQ-3kAIm4fC_Rv6gptjfnf7LHGFMRrIG-sG8FfP1tstoCNGtwPz3HoOpP7GcLiVwd-86Xt3Kgv1eamjc6cjUwto596s424QRw_D_jha7RcKIaA_mBle2bcSKoyN-F1AIU/s400/Screen+Shot+2017-10-16+at+12.23.07+PM.png" width="340" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><b>Cousin Richard Oakley's connection to Sophia Shipley</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMqETjvSkzwKOmuri5-m6tPOReuR2eAYiwN_m7n5CJ6bJ2L_ODuMurYATp7Nz1jk_kMiayOXyZebQ5_vnNcrYQph6IgpjfrxDweE8QVtO-nc7SRAVdjCC_XzRxPTwvVZ4Jv1_uBmBiKYo/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-10-28+at+3.33.53+PM.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="761" data-original-width="681" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMqETjvSkzwKOmuri5-m6tPOReuR2eAYiwN_m7n5CJ6bJ2L_ODuMurYATp7Nz1jk_kMiayOXyZebQ5_vnNcrYQph6IgpjfrxDweE8QVtO-nc7SRAVdjCC_XzRxPTwvVZ4Jv1_uBmBiKYo/s400/Screen+Shot+2017-10-28+at+3.33.53+PM.png" width="357" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Cousin Catherine Brunson's connection to Sophia Shipley</b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I can now say for certain that </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Richard's maternal grandmother and my great-grandmother (via my maternal grandfather) were sisters (both had the same parents) — and they would all be mtDNA <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b>, including my grandfather. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Yet we were worried. 23andme only tests a small amount of the mt-DNA and Y-DNA. At present their genomic build for haplogroup testing is outdated leading to only basic haplogroup assignments. However we needed to be sure Richard's maternal haplogroup was in fact <b><span style="color: red;">B2</span></b> and not another sub-group of its parent haplogroup <b>B4'5</b>, which is found outside of the Americas. [See <span style="color: blue;"><b>Section IV</b></span> for DNA testing options]</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">So I convinced cousin Richard Oakley to take FamilyTreeDNA's Full Mitochondrial Sequence test, which is the most complete mt-DNA test you can take because the whole mitochondrial DNA code is sequenced. And it gives you the most specific terminal haplogroup available. Here are the results (click to enlarge): </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><br />As you can see Richard's FamilyTreeDNA (FTDNA) results was the same as 23andMe. This was a bit disappointing because mt-DNA haplogroup <b><span style="color: red;">B2 </span></b>has a lot of sub-clades, and we were hoping for a more specific one.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Richard then decided to test at National Genographic 2.0, which at the time was on a more recent phylo-build than </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">FTDNA,</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> so we hoped his haplogroup assignment <i>might be </i>more specific. Here are the results:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1TWVzWMGci48qqUIETuvFezYGWMxLGMEJ0FoSZXhAIaLtw4ptLL1NwZ7hzBNjOFEdGHv8eB8MSXRnx4twqobBhe-GsqlXvISmTUOkl5Fc7EtA7q8MXGVEHBdiphzrS9d9MNbzesbDzGc/s1600/Screen+Shot+2016-08-25+at+7.54.37+PM.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="307" data-original-width="773" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1TWVzWMGci48qqUIETuvFezYGWMxLGMEJ0FoSZXhAIaLtw4ptLL1NwZ7hzBNjOFEdGHv8eB8MSXRnx4twqobBhe-GsqlXvISmTUOkl5Fc7EtA7q8MXGVEHBdiphzrS9d9MNbzesbDzGc/s640/Screen+Shot+2016-08-25+at+7.54.37+PM.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">At the time Richard tested at Nat Geno 2.0, customers could transfer their raw data file to <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">FamilyTreeDNA, </span>which in turn would assign a confirmed haplogroup (but since Nat Geno switched to the Helix platform this is no longer available). Here are his revised results:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggEXvXfHq7BcUS9kPgU5VpTcTsUQkW3p-F94_pheQKFzNC7p6TahjWVL-0yirZcpcKZHy0MbQIm8svgKrYHNneeEjvMgdzNTcwj8nbUsPsN8fzbqQ2s_8pp9degQXLF87RYxdY-b9DBAw/s1600/RichardOakley+-+FTDNA.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggEXvXfHq7BcUS9kPgU5VpTcTsUQkW3p-F94_pheQKFzNC7p6TahjWVL-0yirZcpcKZHy0MbQIm8svgKrYHNneeEjvMgdzNTcwj8nbUsPsN8fzbqQ2s_8pp9degQXLF87RYxdY-b9DBAw/s640/RichardOakley+-+FTDNA.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<span class="text_exposed_show" face=""helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #141823;">Houston, there is a problem. The </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">FamilyTreeDNA </span><span style="color: #141823;">results are the same </span><span style="color: red;"><b>B2</b></span><span style="color: #141823;"> as before and Nat Geno is showing </span><b><span style="color: red;">B2b3</span></b><span style="color: #141823;">. The results should actually be the same. Hmmm...</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I then uploaded Richard's <span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">FamilyTreeDNA</span> FASTA file to </span><a href="https://dna.jameslick.com/mthap/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">James Lick MtDNA Haplogroup Analysis</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> program to see if I could find an issue.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Here are the results (click to enlarge):</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">With Richard's <a href="https://dna.jameslick.com/mthap/">James Lick MtDNA Haplogroup Analysis</a> (above), he actually shared a best mtDNA haplgroup with B2 and B2b3, the latter of which is a sub-group of B2b.</span></div>
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</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.32px;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.32px;"><span style="color: black;">That's when </span></span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; display: inline; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.32px;"><span style="color: black;">I noticed the discrepancy: Richard is mismatch for the defining marker for B2b (indicated above in red as marker </span><span style="color: red;"><b>6755A</b></span><span style="color: black;">). This means Richard terminal haplogroup could not be B2b3 if he's negative</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> for the defining mutation of its parent B2b. </span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.32px;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: white; color: #141823; display: inline; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.32px;"><span style="color: black;">I contacted g</span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823;">enetic genealogy expert <b><u>James Lick</u></b> about the result, and he told me that either there was a reversion of the defining mutation for B2b back to its a</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823;">ncestral state (usually haplogroup mutations are confirmed in their derived state), or it was not really B2b3. ... <i>Huh? What's going on here?</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Next I reached out to Argentinian anthropologist and geneticist <b><u>Dr. Claudio Bravi</u></b> and asked him this B2 discrepancy. Dr. Bravi asked to see my cousin's mt-DNA raw data files. After analyzing the files, here is what Dr. Bravi wrote back to me: </span><br />
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<span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1456983958621_3470" lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt;"><b>Hi TL,</b></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1456983958621_3465" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt;"><b>No, it is not B2b3 with reversion. Instead, it is a new clade with homoplasic polymorphism at 13708. 13708 is a rather hotspot that appears over and over again in different mtDNA lineages.</b></span> </span></blockquote>
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<span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1456983958621_3460" lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt;"><b>Your cousin´s sequence has an almost perfect match with one published one from the US, unfortunately without info regarding ethnicity or geographic origin. See below a comparison of these sequences. I only listed the polymorphisms accumulated since the arrival to America: both sequences share the same five mutations and differ at hypervariable 16092. This indicates that they are really very close as seen here. </b></span></blockquote>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt;"><b>As you probably know, there is a dearth of data regarding US Native Americas.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-padding-start: 0px; font-size: 11pt; padding-inline-start: 0px;">Best,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-padding-start: 0px; font-size: 11pt; padding-inline-start: 0px;"><br clear="none" style="-webkit-padding-start: 0px; padding-inline-start: 0px;" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="-webkit-padding-start: 0px; font-size: 11pt; padding-inline-start: 0px;">Claudio</span></b></span></blockquote>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US"><i><b>What is a homoplasy and how does it apply to my family's rare maternal haplogroup assignment B2? </b> </i></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white;">Well a homoplasy occurs when </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #545454;">when defining mutations of two haplogroups are similar, but are not derived from a common ancestor.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #545454;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #6a6a6a;">Homoplasy</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #545454;"> </span><span style="color: #545454;"><span style="background-color: white;">often results from what is known as convergent evolution. In other words, the defining marker for Richard's haplgroup assignment B2b3 is not derived from its parent sub-clade B2b </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">—</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #545454;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #545454;"> which is defined by </span><b style="color: #545454;">6755</b><b><span style="color: red;">A</span></b><span style="color: #545454;"> (derived state) whereas Richard has </span><b><span style="color: #545454;">6755</span><span style="color: red;">G</span></b><span style="color: #545454;"> (ancestral state) in that location. This indicates that Richard's terminal haplogroup is a new branch of B2 which has not been defined and which is also positive for <b>13708</b>. </span></span></span></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #545454;">To provide another example let's look at maternal haplogroup M42, which is found mostly in Australia according </span><span style="color: #222222;">to </span></span><a href="http://www.nature.com/articles/srep43041" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; letter-spacing: 0.17px;">Nagle et al</a><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.17px;">.</span></span><span style="color: #545454; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; letter-spacing: 0.17px;">The existence of a novel (new) branch within the M42 clade "was first suggested by <a href="http://www.nature.com/articles/srep43041#ref35">Ballantyne </a></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; letter-spacing: 0.17px;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/articles/srep43041#ref35">et al</a></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; letter-spacing: 0.17px;">, in which some samples were labelled M42*(xM42a) because they carried the transition at np A9156G (the defining mutation of M42) but not G12771A (one of the defining mutations of M42a)."</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I've designated Richard and my maternal grandfather's potential new maternal haplogroup assignment as <span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">B2* + 13708</span>. ...<b> </b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Am I correct?</i> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I'm not sure</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #141823; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">But I've proven that </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">my paternal grandfather — and by extension myself — biologically descend from a foremother of Native American descent on his direct matrilineal line. Facts I can add to my Family Haplogroup Tree project to my genealogical research efforts!</span></div><div><div style="background-color: white;"><ul style="font-size: medium;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>#END#</b></span></div>
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</div>TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-35589614561307951602017-08-19T12:05:00.001-07:002017-11-26T10:24:50.018-08:00Genetic Genealogy Forums Online Etiquette Guide<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxd4z7cL3HwF4RYXZMDvbazzt0xPXDs9_drkVnA6IcckBudZrFKv8FH4E9ZHd_BPCjAFhlmJIC8nF693CfOsG6cF44YPXETs-M70E0kSijvsx5b5D-alnUwVnz66WU4liT-wU3uR8kU1c/s1600/download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="197" data-original-width="232" height="542" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxd4z7cL3HwF4RYXZMDvbazzt0xPXDs9_drkVnA6IcckBudZrFKv8FH4E9ZHd_BPCjAFhlmJIC8nF693CfOsG6cF44YPXETs-M70E0kSijvsx5b5D-alnUwVnz66WU4liT-wU3uR8kU1c/s640/download.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Source: http://www.whatmakesagoodleader.com/meeting-etiquette.html</i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Genetic</span> </b>genealogy forums online — Facebook groups; Anthrogenica; 23andMe community, etc — </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">is the layperson's vast laboratory where we hash out our results, research, discoveries, journeys, family heirlooms, difficulties, disappointments and debates. It's a social place were we can obsess over DNA with lusty abandon. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">But </span></b>sometimes a few bad apples spoil the whole experience</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. Some people's obtuse behavior in genetic genealogy forums online (GGFO) can be disruptive, offensive and lead to detriment and disaster. So i</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">n the interest of fostering better behavior, communication, cooperative collaboration</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, as well as a safe and objective environment to learn, teach and/or exchange knowledge</span>, I came up with these 50 Golden GGFO etiquette rules (or suggestions), which is also available on the </span><a href="https://isogg.org/wiki/Genetic_genealogy_mailing_lists" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: blue;">ISOGG Genetic Genealogy Mailing List</span></a><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">:</b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><br />
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<b>[</b><span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">King Genome's Tip: </span><b>Download a copy (pdf) of <a href="http://www.geneticgenealogystandards.com/">Genetic Genealogy Standards</a> and use together with this list.]</b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">1.</span></b> </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">When you first join a<b> </b>GGFO</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">,</span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"> </b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>BEFORE YOU POST ANYTHING OR COMMENT </b>you MUST take time to <b>(a)</b> <u>read the forum's rules</u> AND <b>(b)</b> <u>review what others post</u>, including topics and comments. If you're unsure of what to post then ask an administrator/moderator for assistance. If you don't agree with the rules of the forum then leave immediately. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">2.</span></b> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">If you believe genetic genealogy is a fake science or you have no trust in DNA testing then please do us all a favor and remove yourself immediately. You should know that no matter what you believe, DNA is a real, evolving and advancing science and GGFO are designed to facilitate the progress. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>3. </b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Genetic genealogists and traditional genealogists should not wage a war with each other in a GGFO based on which method or field is better. Both are inextricably intertwined and should be used together — along with your collaborative efforts — for the best results. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">4.</span></b> </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Absolutely NO political and religious badgering, soapboxing, hate-mongering, race baiting, trolling or any such capricious behavior. GGFO are unequivocally not the place for such discourse and banter. Go blow your steam off somewhere else. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">5. </span></b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Stop </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">misusing socio-cultural ethnic labels and antiquated racial social constructs as genetic genealogy and population genetics terms for ethnicity. There is NO such thing as "African-American DNA" so avoid using the term. You should not be referring to African-Americans as Negroes except in a historic context. Also do not use Negroid, Caucasoid, and Mongoloid to make racial distinction between populations or ethnic groups.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Yes, it is </span>opprobrious. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">GGFO are not breeding grounds for racism, prejudice, bigotry miscegenation, superiority complexes, or ignorance. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>6. </b></span>Never romanticize or minimize slavery, the Holocaust, Trail of Tears, or other horrific historic events because it's offensive. If you have a reasonable inquiry or discussion point around these events, be sure to carefully think about what you post before you hit that "Submit" button. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>7. </b></span>If you're in a private, secret or closed <span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">GGFO</span>, do NOT publicly share or post on social media <u>other people's</u> posts, photos, DNA results, comments or any personal information, etc, without that person's expressed permission <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> — </span> actually you shouldn't even ask. Private, secret or closed<b> </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">GGFO privacy settings</span> are that way for a good reason. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><b><span style="font-size: large;">8. </span></b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">NEVER</span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> discuss living people's personal identifying information (ie name, address, city, birthday) within or outside of a GGFO. There are many crazy people and identity thieves lurking around, and we don't need you helping them out. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">9. </span></b>If someone reveals that he/she is an adoptee, foundling, foster child, donor, etc in a private, secret or closed </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">GGFO</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, please refrain from revealing any of this information or "outing" the person publicly. Further if the this person posts information or photos about a non-biological relative, it's NOT up to you to discuss their relationship or adoption status, nor make any biological distinction between their relatives. It's tacky, spiteful and frankly none of your business.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">10. </span></b>If someone reveals that he/she is adopted or looking for a biological relative in a </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">GGFO</span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"> </b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">do not insert yourself into the situation by playing match-maker unless you're a qualified professional or search angel. Your heroic efforts may actually cause irreversible detriment to the situation.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">11. </span></b>If a GGFO member posts something about their new relatives/genetic matches, you must refrain from asking this GGFO member about contacting their new relative/genetic match, or to provide you with the relative/match's name, GEDmatch kit number, or any information that the GGFO member did not provide in the original post. Your overzealous behavior is meddlesome and could scare off people new to the world of genetic genealogy. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">12. </span></b>Respect copyright, trademarks and ownership rights of images, content and resources when posting in a </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">GGFO</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. Give credit and recitation where necessary or as mandated by law for any content you post. You could get in a lot of legal trouble for infringing upon someone's ownership rights. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><b><span style="font-size: large;">13. </span></b>Do not inundate GGFOs<b> </b>with a whole bunch of posts about yourself, your family, or your DNA results. Also don't make everyone else's topic about yourself, your family or your DNA results. Doing so makes you appear either rude, narcissistic or psychotic. The hard truth is people are usually tired of you, your family and your DNA results after you initially post about them. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Also keep posts about your family, DNA results, photos, genetic relative matching information and related inquires confined to ONE topic. </span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">And while you're at it, d</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">o NOT highjack other people's threads by making totally irrelevant comments.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>14. </b></span>Do not join a GGFO with the expectation that its members or administrators will solve your mysteries, or act as a personal genetic genealogy servant for your every question. In general this behavior turns others off. No one is obligated to help you. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>15. </b></span>Do NOT volunteer the services of those with genetic genealogy expertise nor refer people to them without first contacting them for availability via private or business e-mail. If you do refer someone please be sure their inquiry is clear, they provide any valid evidence to buttress their claims, and perhaps most importantly if the expert is available and charge fees. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">16. </span></b>Do not attempt to chastise an administrator or moderator publicly. If you have any feedback or concerns about the GGFO or the way a GGFO is run, please send the administrator or moderator a private email or message. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">17. </span></b>Make sure your questions and inquiries are well thought-out and expressed clearly. Do not write in a vague, nondescript or rhetorical manner. Think before you post dammit. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">18. </span></b>Do NOT "shout-out" members in a </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">GGFO</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> (ie tagging their name in a post) </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">—</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> especially administrators, moderators, possible relatives, genetic genealogists, scientific experts, etc. It comes across as demanding, pushy and rude. It's more proper to contact the person by private message or e-mail first. If you don't get a response then you must realize that some of these people are extremely busy. Just be prepared to get no response at all and to find your answers another way. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">19. </span></b>If you post other people's DNA results in a </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">GGFO,</span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"> </b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">please REDACT the person's name, photo images, and GEDmatch kit number unless you have expressed permission to do otherwise <u>by the owner of the results</u>. You MUST respect people's privacy. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">20.</span></b> If someone in a </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">GGFO</span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"> </b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">refers you to a valid study, blog or link, please take time to read the information before responding again, unless you've questions about the material. Otherwise you're really being unfair to everyone else, and people will soon be unwilling to help you. In genetic genealogy, reading and studying is fundamentally required. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">21. </span></b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">If you've expertise in a certain area of genetic genealogy, don't bring condescending, bullying, narcissistic and obnoxious attitudes into a GGFOs. Members could be at different levels of proficiency and expertise so please criticize constructively, and be aware of your tone. Otherwise people will eventually start ignoring you even if you're correct. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>22.</b></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Do NOT pretend to be an expert in a GGFO or try to misapply expertise as your own, even if you have scientific expertise in another field. Do NOT borrow people's information posted anywhere and claim it as your own. The genetic genealogy experts have been at this for a long time, and they KNOW when you're pretending to be something that you're not. Everyone starts somewhere and works up from there. Pay your dues!</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">23.</span></b> In general do not post your GEDmatch numbers and questions, or other 3rd-party tool results in a </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">GGFO</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> without first checking to see if there's a</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> dedicated topics for the information. You should inquire about it before you go flashing your GEDmatch or other 3rd-party tool information all over the place. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">24. </span></b>Do not lower the GEDmatch sharing threshold (below 7cM / 700 SNPs) to force a match and insist that you're related to another fellow GGFP member</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. If the glove doesn't fit you must acquit. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><b><span style="font-size: large;">25. </span></b>Do NOT post</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> old, outdated, controversial articles and repetitive posts about the same subject, especially those making far-fetched hypothesis, conspiracy theories, or unsubstantiated claims</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">It's all fake news and will be frowned upon by your peers. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">You should simply check the date and sources of material before you post. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>26</b>. </span>Stop saying you or your family member is "full-blooded" anything ethnically in a </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">GGFO</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. These blood quantum claims do not jibe well with DNA inheritance. And you raise the ire of every person of that ethnic group or tribe</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> —</span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">alive or dead, present or past. Just say that you or your relative is/was of "[insert ethnic population] descent or ancestry." Saying "my great-grandmother was of Cherokee descent" sounds more accurate than "my great-grandmother was full-blooded Cherokee," the latter of which has led to disappointment.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">27.</span></b> Do NOT try to police or badger other members </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">for expressing interest in their own genetic ancestry, joining a tribe, or claiming kinship to a population/ethnic group/tribe, even if you belong to that particular population/ethnic group/tribe. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">You're not a spokesperson or ambassador for referenced genetic ancestry, ethnic group or tribe. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">You're also not an expert just because you visited or lived among a particular population especially if you can't produce any peer-reviewed scientific, academic or archaeological research or genetic testing that you've actually performed when you were among them. Get over yourself.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">28. </span></b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">W</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">hen a member posts a question, and it has been adequately answered or addressed, you don't have to repeat the same answer, especially if your answer adds nothing new or informative. We have enough "broken records" to sift through already. </span><br />
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<b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">29. </span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Do not repeatedly post that you're related to a certain ethnicity, ethnic group, population or a celebrity just because one of your genetic relatives matches them. You could very well be related to the side of your genetic relative's family that is NOT connected to that ethnicity, ethnic group, population or celebrity. For a deeper discussion see my blog on </span><a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/2015/05/ethnicity-chromosome-mapping.html" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Ethnicity Chromosome Mapping</a>.<br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">30. </span></b>When you first take a DNA test, please do not post about the processing or wait times every step of the way unless there is a dedicated "Waiting" topic for such purposes. It's far better and exciting to post your results when they become available. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">31. </span></b>Please refrain from making unwanted sexual advances to other members of a GGFO. GGFO are not dating and pick-up sites, nor for seeking incestuous relationships. And if someone makes an unwanted sexual advance to you in an GGFO or by personally contacting you, please notify your administrators IMMEDIATELY. Also report and block the person, and if necessary contact your local authorities. Never let anything like this slide.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">32. </span></b>When making a comment that is two 0r more sentences long, please do not break up the comment by making a series comments. In other words if you have a 5-sentence paragraph, do not create a separate comment for each sentence. I</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">t clogs up the space</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>33. </b></span>It's often said there are no stupid questions in genetic genealogy. However there are actually stupid questions </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">when the answer is clearly obvious. For example if someone posts "there is sale at AncestryDNA, why would you ask, "where is the sale?" Please take to time to read what is posted. Duh!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">34. </span></b>If you work for or represent a DNA company in any way please make it publicly known in a </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">GGFO,</span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"> </b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">instead of pretending to be a consumer in order to promote the interests of the DNA company. It is misleading and extremely unethical. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">35.</span></b> If you're approved to join a <u>large or popular </u><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">GGFO,</span><b> </b>you don't have to post "Thanks for the add." Your thanks is by joining the forum, observing the rules, and being respectful. This is OK for smaller groups and those that require such greetings. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">36. </span></b>If you administer or moderate a </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">GGFO, </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">you don't need to announce each new member's presence. They already know they're welcome once you let them join. And how can members communicate if the forum is cluttered with your "welcome to the club" announcements? </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>37. </b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Do NOT type in ALL CAPS in a </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">GGFO</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. The problem here is some readers can't determine if you're yelling, angry, computer illiterate or have a disability. If due to the latter then you should privately inform the moderator/administrator.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">38.</span></b> Before you ask a question pertaining to your results, tools or genetic genealogy, first check to see if the question has been previously raised and/or answered. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">39. </span></b>Do NOT flood <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">GGFO</span><b> </b>with photos of your family, especially youth, teens and elderly. There's some unsavory people out there who could be downloading your photos for their own malicious intent and purposes. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">40. </span></b>When a DNA company releases a new tool or update </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">— </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">and it affects all customers </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">—</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">please don't flood the GGFO with your new or updated results until you see whether there is a dedicated topic for it. Otherwise these posts go "viral" and can destroy the </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">GGFO</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">41.</span></b> Do NOT ask a GGFO to guess your ethnicity based on a photo, unless there is a dedicated topic for it. In general phenotypes are not a reliable indicator of your genetic ancestry. These posts are fun but can turn malignant and cause the GGFO's demise. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">42.</span></b> Do NOT complain about a reputable DNA company without first contacting the DNA company's customer service to resolve the issue. This behavior is commonly known as grandstanding. Now if you're not satisfied post-customer service contact then by all means sound off and complain. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">43. </span></b>If you belong to a GGFO and have the capability to add or invite numerous members at one time, please inform the persons you're about to add as well as the administrators or moderators about your actions. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">44.</span></b> </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">If someone adds you to a GGFO without your knowledge, which is inconsiderate, please don't make a post asking, "Why was I added to this group?" If you don't know how you got there, neither do we. And if for some reason you don't want to be in the group simply remove yourself. And while you're at it tell the person who added you to please ask first. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">45. </span></b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">If you're a frequent poster of genetic genealogy information (ie blogs) in a GGFO, make sure you first review and read what you're about to post to ensure the link is not spam or gibberish. It's also a good idea to explain what you're posting, and for that you'll also have to actually read the material. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">46.</span></b> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Do NOT form cliques or become a hype-men for your favorite GGFO member. It causes detriment to the environment and prevents effective communication.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>47.</b></span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">If you're conducting a survey or doing research for academic or marketing purposes, or for any reason beyond the confines of GGFO, do not solicit responses without first informing the administrator AND the GGFO members. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: large;">48.</span></b><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Please do not bring negative experiences you've had in another GGFO to every new one you join. Leave that musty baggage behind and bring some fresh luggage.</span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">49.</span></b> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Please keep all disagreements civil. It's OK to disagree and the best arguments are made on the merits and with compelling evidence.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">50.</span> </span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Treat others as you wish to be treated. It's the universal golden rule. </span><br />
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TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-48361289220004848092017-08-07T14:34:00.001-07:002017-08-12T18:21:44.123-07:00The Cooking Gene by Michael Twitty Releases<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6RLHozV6ObOJsvmdq6ylRCvYjyMBo441_EAeOvpbkpQ1zH_Nha2uRxL3GUb39BJGRtapHxqxBfoTZldgHBzYuTdhHSmeD7MFlha9EZ4xXVAWjQ5CihOtUGlqfZjizpLd6KeVvGKwvuQ0/s1600/20451875_1594732963932631_744867288605745006_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1060" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6RLHozV6ObOJsvmdq6ylRCvYjyMBo441_EAeOvpbkpQ1zH_Nha2uRxL3GUb39BJGRtapHxqxBfoTZldgHBzYuTdhHSmeD7MFlha9EZ4xXVAWjQ5CihOtUGlqfZjizpLd6KeVvGKwvuQ0/s640/20451875_1594732963932631_744867288605745006_o.jpg" width="422" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #1d2129;">August 1, 2017, renowned, award-winning culinary historian & chef </span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Michael Twitty</b>'</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">s memoir, </span><a href="https://thecookinggene.com/about/" style="font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;"><b>THE COOKING GENE </b></span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">(</span><a href="https://www.harpercollins.com/9780062379290/the-cooking-gene" style="font-family: "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;">HarperCollins</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">), released to the world. His work explores historic African and African-American culinary traditions, intertwining with it his own personal genetic ancestry story. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #1d2129;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #1d2129;">I'm proud to report that </span><b><span style="color: blue;">Michael Twitty </span></b><span style="color: #1d2129;">allow</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">ed me to interpret his family's DNA results and am thus featured in his amazing testimony (see sample below from Chapter 8, pg. 131-132):</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSibNnCgn-Vfyl_c9DwMm3FT9iwLtKOEkhOgBjEBq2_OQWmVvXwSS_mcv9SJxOWOAHxRwetW40xzA-OYra9ssXT5Uk9690E2zrVcvLK9Co9dhjlOSOZYMavxLuBIb9OLTczjC33jnXB74/s1600/20590835_10214331970197198_1005466543_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSibNnCgn-Vfyl_c9DwMm3FT9iwLtKOEkhOgBjEBq2_OQWmVvXwSS_mcv9SJxOWOAHxRwetW40xzA-OYra9ssXT5Uk9690E2zrVcvLK9Co9dhjlOSOZYMavxLuBIb9OLTczjC33jnXB74/s640/20590835_10214331970197198_1005466543_o.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4W5pbD6QhuuBdop2pC0GBWitoNNAvFWNf8hjMZGZvVA_9t_8lAbcXDYLPjS4VtzkJybkutGPwiIg6vPS53K4O8kF0Xk9HTzY8tMgIhGW1suDY7fUfnu_d8Pb1cze7SFTiHS4727yVhIk/s1600/20597834_10214331970237199_1339937669_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4W5pbD6QhuuBdop2pC0GBWitoNNAvFWNf8hjMZGZvVA_9t_8lAbcXDYLPjS4VtzkJybkutGPwiIg6vPS53K4O8kF0Xk9HTzY8tMgIhGW1suDY7fUfnu_d8Pb1cze7SFTiHS4727yVhIk/s640/20597834_10214331970237199_1339937669_o.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://thecookinggene.com/about/" style="font-size: 14px;"><b><span style="color: red;">THE COOKING GENE </span></b></a><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> has garnered </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b>Michael Twitty</b></span><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> ev</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="color: #1d2129; display: inline; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">en more national attention, with great reviews by New York Times, Economist, Washington Post, etc. He has an exhibit at the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History & Culture, and has been featured frequently on TV shows (Bazaar Foods), news programs, as well as old plantations (including Colonial Williamsburg).</span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8L-pKxwnGd2SO5GdTglhXjVlFYbKepVIqB0sjXvy2g5xbWqfhH7cYJ76o_A1ctgcDjZvsrBMkPLMkXFcF2OViPn9rabU2bxeVgL9qtqY68sz0zvahM7fD4-zEzXaTc0DwdNg3Dt-sIus/s1600/20170812_165743_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="900" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8L-pKxwnGd2SO5GdTglhXjVlFYbKepVIqB0sjXvy2g5xbWqfhH7cYJ76o_A1ctgcDjZvsrBMkPLMkXFcF2OViPn9rabU2bxeVgL9qtqY68sz0zvahM7fD4-zEzXaTc0DwdNg3Dt-sIus/s400/20170812_165743_HDR.jpg" width="225" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span class="text_exposed_show" style="color: #1d2129; display: inline; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times";"></span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #1d2129;">Please join me in supporting the enigmatic </span><span style="color: blue;">Michael Twitty </span><span style="color: #1d2129;">by purchasing your copy of </span><a href="https://thecookinggene.com/about/"><span style="color: red;">THE COOKING GENE </span></a><span style="color: #1d2129;"> today. <i>And you get to read the rest of our conversation!!!</i> ... Available on </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Cooking-Gene-Journey-African-American-Culinary/dp/0062379291"><span style="color: red;">Amazon</span></a><span style="color: #1d2129;">, </span><a href="https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-cooking-gene-michael-w-twitty/1126556981?ean=9780062379290&st=PLA&sid=BNB_DRS_Core+Shopping+Books_00000000&2sid=Google_&sourceId=PLGoP75606"><span style="color: red;">Barnes & Noble</span></a><span style="color: #1d2129;">, </span><span style="color: red;"><u>Kindle</u></span><span style="color: #1d2129;">, etc.</span></b></span></span> <span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJz1Z7dbAhHYPSqWCMZ8i35eAByXkBFlG3z5Ak8iEv-S5xZ2llGQqTrv4p5HPR4aodEiuabPmnBjI2CbquiFBi5V1S8_JZlMoUr3WHvhZMAdJjBwf16gevYb-TcisIG5lWiOYMNFgNw1I/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-08-01+at+12.54.16+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="708" data-original-width="479" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJz1Z7dbAhHYPSqWCMZ8i35eAByXkBFlG3z5Ak8iEv-S5xZ2llGQqTrv4p5HPR4aodEiuabPmnBjI2CbquiFBi5V1S8_JZlMoUr3WHvhZMAdJjBwf16gevYb-TcisIG5lWiOYMNFgNw1I/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-08-01+at+12.54.16+PM.png" width="432" /></a></div>
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TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-50861505713877138752017-08-07T09:13:00.000-07:002017-08-07T09:21:55.459-07:00Sizzling Summer DNA Kit Sales <div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
August 2017 — Summer is in full swing here in the U.S.A. and sizzling hot DNA kits sales are back by AncestryDNA and FamilyTreeDNA. I will update this blog as new summer sales occur so check back often. ... But now is a good time to stack up 'em up like pancakes. </div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129;">(<b>1) AncestryDNA</b> announced it has largest consumer DNA database with now </span></span><span style="color: red;"><b>5 MILLION customers</b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #1d2129;">. In honor of this major milestone, they're celebrating with 30% off AncestryDNA kits thru August 15! That's </span><b><span style="color: red;">$69</span></b><span style="color: #1d2129;"> (excluding taxes and shipping). </span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEjciG85wTuY0rT-_rHKcCywGhCESPHyZzTCFoBTCYlmtIa94hjiPa_u4G-VLjNArx8X7NtErneg_eE601PwOCbVkv-8tE8B1PHoBLOaQxa2NcPS8Ebg8XOrsE8Bm1dZ-q5Y_jZXwK0xM/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-08-07+at+11.45.01+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="316" data-original-width="853" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEjciG85wTuY0rT-_rHKcCywGhCESPHyZzTCFoBTCYlmtIa94hjiPa_u4G-VLjNArx8X7NtErneg_eE601PwOCbVkv-8tE8B1PHoBLOaQxa2NcPS8Ebg8XOrsE8Bm1dZ-q5Y_jZXwK0xM/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-08-07+at+11.45.01+AM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">TIP: </span></b><span style="color: #1d2129;">If order using this </span></span></span><span style="color: blue;"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Ancestry-DNA-Genetic-Testing-Test/dp/B00TRLVKW0/?_encoding=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&keywords=ancestry+dna&linkCode=ur2&qid=1439844473&sr=8-1&tag=yourgenegene-20&linkId=YHZEZNPSATGAGEMT"><span style="font-size: large;">AncestryDNA Link</span></a> </b></span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #1d2129;">it will benefit the </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Ancestry-DNA-Genetic-Testing-Test/dp/B00TRLVKW0/?_encoding=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&keywords=ancestry+dna&linkCode=ur2&qid=1439844473&sr=8-1&tag=yourgenegene-20&linkId=YHZEZNPSATGAGEMT"><span style="color: red;"><b>Kits For Kindness program</b></span></a><span style="color: #1d2129;"> sponsored by Facebook group </span><b><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/DNADetectives/"><span style="color: red;">DNA Detectives</span></a></b><span style="color: #1d2129;">. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>(2)</b> <b><span style="color: red;"><a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/"><span style="color: black;">FamilyTreeDNA</span></a> </span></b>heats up Summer 2017 with it's <b><span style="color: red;">Friends & Family Sale</span></b>, featuring scorching hot price reductions on new tests, add-ons and upgrades. And the Big Y is now only $395, the lowest it's ever been. So now's the time to stock the genetic genealogy chests chock full of tests now. And if you're a male and been waiting to take the Big-Y now'ss the time to do it. <u>Well actually you have from<span style="color: blue;"> August 1 </span>until<span style="color: blue;"> August 31, 2017</span></u>. <b>Here is the menu (and you can order <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/"><span style="color: red;">here</span></a>):</b></span><br />
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TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-4534676303044196522017-06-03T17:01:00.001-07:002017-06-08T16:30:52.948-07:00AncestryDNA Fathers Day Sale<a href="http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-8326561-12965777" target="_top">
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://www.lduhtrp.net/image-8326561-12965777" height="90" width="728" /></a><br />
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<b>AncestryDNA is having a Fathers Day Sale</b> ... <span style="color: red;"><b>20% off (or $79) thru June 18, 2017</b></span> ...<br />
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<b>More good news:</b> I've joined AncestryDNA's affiliate sales program! So if you purchase your kits using the banner above or the link below I will get a small commission.<b> <span style="color: red;">NOTE:</span> the banner above will go to your AncestryDNA's country of origin so for U.S. customers it is still 20% off of $99 = $79.</b><br />
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You can also purchase your kits using this link: <a href="http://www.tkqlhce.com/click-8326561-12965777"><span style="color: blue;"><b>AncestryDNA Father's Day Savings </b></span></a><br />
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<b><span style="color: red;">Thanks so much for your support.</span></b>TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-64917030991406608102017-05-22T17:08:00.001-07:002017-05-23T09:20:34.590-07:0023andMe MtDNA Haplogroup report gets facelift<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1WCYt0klRTTc9ojhcuwFOhKzeynsbV1DCToZ2c1WZZWA1WCrRt5LEe4jCBZjaaq_LwGrnPOnWzbT19BrJPb7wngcISGFbL0AZmPMn3O8Tf6voxSXt3bXXNrzI_cwU7lwMjTRaAN7Ydfc/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-05-22+at+7.23.50+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1WCYt0klRTTc9ojhcuwFOhKzeynsbV1DCToZ2c1WZZWA1WCrRt5LEe4jCBZjaaq_LwGrnPOnWzbT19BrJPb7wngcISGFbL0AZmPMn3O8Tf6voxSXt3bXXNrzI_cwU7lwMjTRaAN7Ydfc/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-05-22+at+7.23.50+PM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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Just when I was beginning to get thirsty for something, anything, new, upgraded and/or exciting in DTC DNA testing product features, I logged onto my <a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></b></a> account this evening and spotted a "new report" for my Maternal Haplogroup. Did <a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></b></a> finally update its antiquated genomic build for maternal haplogroup assignments?</div>
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I liked the old-version format of <a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></b></a> for haplogroups <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">—</span> the haplogroup assignments for all shares were arranged on two separate pages (one for mtDNA and one for Y-DNA); we could conveniently see the haplogroup assignments of our DNA relatives next to their names, and we could easily find <a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></b></a> online forum topics related to our haplogroups. </div>
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This "new" report is yet another <b><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a> </span></b>attempt to reorganize the way our information is displayed like its other recent offerings (see my "Explore Your DNA Family" blog <a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/2017/04/23andme-new-explore-your-dna-family.html">here</a>). It's much more visually stimulating than the last <a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><b><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></b></a><b><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b>haplogroup report but offers nothing substantive. Essentially a mirage. I'm still thirsty. But take a look anyways:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdBID2lcFQ9M2TsNHU9lrL43oHrC7HBPhxxau4sCGTX1tapUcBpgFhpjK33ifdSW5b0VTXE78Gun5TR3ttvYqHqyf4tiJ6NIqMNXQWW59ohq9HemXXtAD-HMCz7o5zruVLPpsv-H1Qsfs/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-05-22+at+7.24.16+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdBID2lcFQ9M2TsNHU9lrL43oHrC7HBPhxxau4sCGTX1tapUcBpgFhpjK33ifdSW5b0VTXE78Gun5TR3ttvYqHqyf4tiJ6NIqMNXQWW59ohq9HemXXtAD-HMCz7o5zruVLPpsv-H1Qsfs/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-05-22+at+7.24.16+PM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<b>The next few screenshots show the migration timeline of my maternal haplogroup:</b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZjMsMEBNBEciGpgOv4JD2WjT81adqMcJiK2N3tgGfVko3hXsMB_rzPLN1NG25ZHr5bn1XH7S16hobbYpGSWobgA7n8opbju6u5SsVB0Ud-BSNc-n3mjB4aoGc73O_UErwELQISzBeW60/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-05-22+at+7.24.40+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZjMsMEBNBEciGpgOv4JD2WjT81adqMcJiK2N3tgGfVko3hXsMB_rzPLN1NG25ZHr5bn1XH7S16hobbYpGSWobgA7n8opbju6u5SsVB0Ud-BSNc-n3mjB4aoGc73O_UErwELQISzBeW60/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-05-22+at+7.24.40+PM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>By clicking on the "L1" tab (left) shows another screen of my maternal haplogroup's probable migration route: </b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq-Lblj0IsVmCyJcchJBpqnwQqEbjhxDNMYb7fDRyilDxl4JJ0maU81RhKIGxWkY0bC_KGqGqG7N4TJ0XCaEqi0Nnnh2UKzcz-XpOSXDheGE8K8oFXcC00gvbiU0GEAO6-kiyG3aZ750M/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-05-22+at+9.39.19+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq-Lblj0IsVmCyJcchJBpqnwQqEbjhxDNMYb7fDRyilDxl4JJ0maU81RhKIGxWkY0bC_KGqGqG7N4TJ0XCaEqi0Nnnh2UKzcz-XpOSXDheGE8K8oFXcC00gvbiU0GEAO6-kiyG3aZ750M/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-05-22+at+9.39.19+PM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-hGxLxV-DsS9EeqiPdq6EIAxp8QfbzgqnoJaGNllNw2egNj3YQx3v-2EsEQeF9TbMne8M9djAIPH5bg6VJ5ygRd6fYR_nbGtMf7risvzMt_gmAcL2-k674lx31QwGaOsiaoLkulMuHFg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-05-22+at+7.25.01+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="314" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-hGxLxV-DsS9EeqiPdq6EIAxp8QfbzgqnoJaGNllNw2egNj3YQx3v-2EsEQeF9TbMne8M9djAIPH5bg6VJ5ygRd6fYR_nbGtMf7risvzMt_gmAcL2-k674lx31QwGaOsiaoLkulMuHFg/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-05-22+at+7.25.01+PM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>There is another section featuring a historic highlight about how my maternal haplogroup migrated along with the Bantu Expansion: </b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSD60oBZyitWi5ApC6tbIaWPL_uAwgZtQFQh7TBFNPxdLNSXpMmqeMtXuP7YtNg34qmyLIZwHaYOCHXwxCRAJ06ObjSYIKJIPjCOkZ13ofO2xis2RM78nGd9Pb7d8tIqPiiCuJ8sMuyH4/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-05-22+at+7.25.16+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSD60oBZyitWi5ApC6tbIaWPL_uAwgZtQFQh7TBFNPxdLNSXpMmqeMtXuP7YtNg34qmyLIZwHaYOCHXwxCRAJ06ObjSYIKJIPjCOkZ13ofO2xis2RM78nGd9Pb7d8tIqPiiCuJ8sMuyH4/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-05-22+at+7.25.16+PM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<b>The last section shows an illustration explaining the genetics of Maternal Haplgroups (and course you can click on the "Scientific Details" tab at the top of the page to see more information):</b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvr2neIZ-vSD5S8ngtg8Cb4WsNJ23gfio-o8ILVWbsq20i4hladPxZK5qyFSUf7K6EFAsjHp8s51RGPqd9pZiIa5bhcjfRDa7B6sLULfNHjvUxctfR69P-P5jxijw-gaunisYW0dyC-hs/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-05-22+at+7.25.28+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvr2neIZ-vSD5S8ngtg8Cb4WsNJ23gfio-o8ILVWbsq20i4hladPxZK5qyFSUf7K6EFAsjHp8s51RGPqd9pZiIa5bhcjfRDa7B6sLULfNHjvUxctfR69P-P5jxijw-gaunisYW0dyC-hs/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-05-22+at+7.25.28+PM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<b>By clicking on the tabs to the left reveals two more screenshots: </b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIJSe4dpmG498Vv5Dja3smxKzgNPg1JVdZC08ZJdgT2Az9VOxTjatmlP1_Pca82WYU7gH94s6v57H5ue9JDvzprl2kAiJgqF-RRDoCOEAc5mFFTSjgLw3-YBRqNUxOm4kyMkJ7A1DKQFs/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-05-22+at+8.44.05+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIJSe4dpmG498Vv5Dja3smxKzgNPg1JVdZC08ZJdgT2Az9VOxTjatmlP1_Pca82WYU7gH94s6v57H5ue9JDvzprl2kAiJgqF-RRDoCOEAc5mFFTSjgLw3-YBRqNUxOm4kyMkJ7A1DKQFs/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-05-22+at+8.44.05+PM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg854Cq5-VHvawNydF4ifRMeQsKP_k1SZ0MZ2tXpXG4GDZKno1Xy6cOuaDedTpTsATMSmh3PcGofjElvmqWVrhehTooI4vLpqmoj4phuxnnqHQk5FJqk55cm2E3FPP43N6tqNUVNwp3mCU/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-05-22+at+8.44.23+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg854Cq5-VHvawNydF4ifRMeQsKP_k1SZ0MZ2tXpXG4GDZKno1Xy6cOuaDedTpTsATMSmh3PcGofjElvmqWVrhehTooI4vLpqmoj4phuxnnqHQk5FJqk55cm2E3FPP43N6tqNUVNwp3mCU/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-05-22+at+8.44.23+PM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Of course I'd much rather <a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">23andMe</a> work on: </b></span></div>
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<ul style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 15.4px; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">updating its Ancestry Composition tool and Haplogroup predictions, including the outdated genomic build platforms (<a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="color: #888888; text-decoration-line: none;">23andMe</a> is on Build 7 while Build 17 was released February 2016), and really all DNA companies should be offering full mitochondrial sequence tests only; </span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">restoring our ability to see the <b>Chromosome Paintings</b> of people with whom we're sharing;</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">implementing an in-house family tree utility; </span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">adding an "Ethnicity" segment element to the chromosome browser/mapper tool where customers can see displayed the location, size AND ethnicity(s) of shared DNA segments. </span></li>
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TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-14357215682781658832017-04-25T15:53:00.001-07:002017-04-28T18:44:12.066-07:0023andMe new Explore Your DNA Family coming soon<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO366LgxPB4OJ2wBfmpxc5OwhD8sG-Yjh-dJy3CTZHp77jcZWDfeOS9p5ZQmBS-vLDZX9IY7rO-dzyK9vpwjuAX7xIylNU0JlqBh1XM2LvFfqkN5bNk6GHecqTubsSZetRw7mOH9lD57I/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-04-25+at+1.52.32+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO366LgxPB4OJ2wBfmpxc5OwhD8sG-Yjh-dJy3CTZHp77jcZWDfeOS9p5ZQmBS-vLDZX9IY7rO-dzyK9vpwjuAX7xIylNU0JlqBh1XM2LvFfqkN5bNk6GHecqTubsSZetRw7mOH9lD57I/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-04-25+at+1.52.32+AM.png" width="611" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">On or about April 24, 2017, DTC personal genome company<a href="http://www.23andme.com/"> 23andMe</a> began advertising yet another "ancestry tool, "Explore Your DNA Family," scheduled to be released in near future. The new announcement is on the </span><a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">23andMe</a> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">products/ </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">services</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">page (</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">which you can view </span><a href="https://www.23andme.com/dna-ancestry/#toc-family" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">here</a>)<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. Currently there's no timetable on the tool's release but it's "Coming Soon" according to </span><a href="http://www.23andme.com/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">23andMe</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. New testers will reportedly receive the feature with their results, and I assume the rest of us will be updated shortly thereafter. [</span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">See new **UPDATE APRIL 28, 2017 below.</span>]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><a href="http://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a>'s "Explore Your DNA Family" apparently allows customers to see an anonymous list of their genetic relatives (who also tested at <a href="http://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a>) plotted on a map of regional origins. According to <a href="http://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a>, the tool encourages users to <i>Opt-In</i> to DNA Relatives (the actual list of your genetic matches) to fully explore the ancestry shared with their "genetic family." This new tool has the potential to be extremely helpful for adoptees and those looking to find and/or piece together their biological genealogy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The only two graphics shown so far are the first (above) and last screen-shots utilized for this blog. I can't really glean anything from them in terms of functionality of the new tool; supposedly there was a blog post but <a href="http://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> allegedly removed it.<br /><br />At this time it's unclear if "Explore Your DNA Family" will entice <a href="http://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a>'s customers to join DNA Relatives. It has been problematic wooing them in the past because <a href="http://www.23andme.com/">23andme</a>'s rather cumbersome invitation system requires customers to <i>Opt-In </i>to participate in DNA Relatives; a sizable portion of <a href="http://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a>'s customers are primarily interested in health, and customers with a strong interest in genetic ancestry rarely take the extra effort to invite relatives to share test results or to contact them for any reason. <br /><br />Even now with DNA Relative's "Open Sharing" feature — <a href="http://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> testers can automatically see and compare their genetic ancestry reports and overlapping DNA segments with all of their DNA relatives (read more at <a href="https://blog.23andme.com/23andme-and-you/sharing-and-protecting-your-genetic-information/#eRvALIQt67tGIVD6.99">here</a>) — customers rarely take advantage of it. Perhaps customers participating in Open Sharing will be shown in an "Explore Your DNA Family" display of matches. [<span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;">See new **UPDATE APRIL 28, 2017 below.</span>]</span><br />
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<span style="color: red; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Of course I'd much rather <a href="http://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> work on: </b></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">updating its Ancestry Composition tool and Haplogroup predictions, including the outdated genomic build platforms (<a href="http://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> is on build 7 while Build 17 was released February 2016); </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">restoring our ability to see the <b>Chromosome Paintings</b> of people with whom we're sharing;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">implementing an in-house family tree utility; </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">adding an "Ethnicity" segment element to the chromosome browser/mapper tool where customers can see displayed the location, size AND ethnicity(s) of shared DNA segments. ... </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <b><span style="color: blue;">For example:</span></b> bring back or incorporate the outstanding Countries of Ancestry (CoA) tool, but just limit the customer's view to the DNA Relatives with whom they are sharing; previously we could see the CoA's of all our relatives and any 23andMe customer sharing profiles with us. <b><span style="color: blue;">Here's a screen-shot of the now retired CoA tool:</span></b></span></li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1QOhVJ1gJeanqMcjIkh444PP-w0zAKKoiyeh3n2uCipq_MRBuckDXDB4d60BFru_SxzDJiPc4rz9X6afATtMq79VOimY-RRqolQq3XXinSBHCeRgj_Ic1u_pf_UY_43dky9AQ0FQo3Y8/s1600/C-GuineaCOA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="351" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1QOhVJ1gJeanqMcjIkh444PP-w0zAKKoiyeh3n2uCipq_MRBuckDXDB4d60BFru_SxzDJiPc4rz9X6afATtMq79VOimY-RRqolQq3XXinSBHCeRgj_Ic1u_pf_UY_43dky9AQ0FQo3Y8/s400/C-GuineaCOA.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: red;">**UPDATE APRIL 28, 2017</span></b><br />
<b><i>From the </i><i>23andMe's Forum Moderator: </i></b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333435; font-family: "Avenir Next", Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;">Hi everyone,</span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333435; font-family: "Avenir Next", Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;" /><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333435; font-family: "Avenir Next", Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333435; font-family: "Avenir Next", Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;">As some of you have noticed, we’ve released a new report, Your DNA Family, to a small number of customers. Those of you who do not yet have access to this feature will see it under the Reports tab in your account shortly - I’ll post an update once everyone can view their DNA Family report. </span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333435; font-family: "Avenir Next", Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;" /><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333435; font-family: "Avenir Next", Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333435; font-family: "Avenir Next", Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;">Using Your DNA Family, you can see:</span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333435; font-family: "Avenir Next", Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333435; font-family: "Avenir Next", Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;">- Where your relatives are located around the world.</span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333435; font-family: "Avenir Next", Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;" /><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333435; font-family: "Avenir Next", Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333435; font-family: "Avenir Next", Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;">- How many of your relatives have ancestry from a particular region. For customers who had results on the old website experience, this is similar information to what was shown in Countries of Ancestry.</span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333435; font-family: "Avenir Next", Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;" /><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #333435; font-family: "Avenir Next", Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333435; font-family: "Avenir Next", Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17.6px;">- See what traits your relatives are likely to exhibit compared to other 23andMe customers. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG38cI9psmiUPh5-HG7B6ch8qbOSr21Koe4WvuaSbhEqjOww3WuBBTIpzF77r9s2GtfDVc55JqSDFIY9vDFt64-3jDOsGJlh3Tdb-PcYY9efq-Zh8yRqRb7doaVOwnJkydNV9qlJQpzkg/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-04-25+at+1.53.10+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="555" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG38cI9psmiUPh5-HG7B6ch8qbOSr21Koe4WvuaSbhEqjOww3WuBBTIpzF77r9s2GtfDVc55JqSDFIY9vDFt64-3jDOsGJlh3Tdb-PcYY9efq-Zh8yRqRb7doaVOwnJkydNV9qlJQpzkg/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-04-25+at+1.53.10+AM.png" width="640" /></a><br />
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TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-48477823336686455362017-04-19T13:44:00.001-07:002017-05-04T18:46:21.835-07:00Your AncestryDNA Range Score<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjva5eV_29Btlg14ohqSP9ObJ5Oi5aeCtxc7soP0SP2IPOdPkvgFf4B51YKH5Gv2fnEhlMsPERrLxpkFtTVPqDYXerdlbIrZxGH09VD0w-qPtptEaYCri7mes-hiz-5FFf75N-QtTOWu4Y/s1600/Range+Score.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjva5eV_29Btlg14ohqSP9ObJ5Oi5aeCtxc7soP0SP2IPOdPkvgFf4B51YKH5Gv2fnEhlMsPERrLxpkFtTVPqDYXerdlbIrZxGH09VD0w-qPtptEaYCri7mes-hiz-5FFf75N-QtTOWu4Y/s640/Range+Score.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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Sometimes a grain of salt can turn out to be a granule of sugar. When a lot of you receive your <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> Ethnicity Estimate results, you instantly take the percentages you see displayed at face value.<br />
<br />
Too often this leads to disappointment especially if the percentages of certain a genetic ethnicity or biogeographical region is lower than expected, absent or inconsistent with your test results from other sources. There are even situations where one parent is the sole contributor of a certain ethnicity, but somehow the child's results show a higher amount than the contributing parent!<br />
<br />
What if I told you that you were looking at your <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> Ethnicity Estimate all wrong?<br />
<br />
I was actually surprised by the number of <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> testers who never realized the Ethnicity Estimate percentages they see displayed are NOT set in stone, including some regions for which they received 0% (zero percent). How is this possible?<br />
<br />
What you're really "looking at" is an AVERAGE SCORE that was calculated from a broader RANGE SCORE, the latter of which may reveal the presence of ethnicity admixture you thought was missing. In this blog I'm going to discuss <b><a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/">AncestryDNA</a></b>'s Ethnicity Estimate:<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: blue;">(1)</span><span style="color: blue;"> Average Score</span></b>;<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><b>(2) Range Score</b></span>;<br />
<b><span style="color: blue;">(3) How the Range Score is Calculated</span></b>, <i>and for you ethnicity admixture geeks,</i><br />
<b><span style="color: blue;">(4) Brief Comparison Between My Two AncestryDNA Kits</span></b>.<br />
<br />
For this lesson I will present my two <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> Ethnicity Estimate results: <b><span style="color: red;">Kit 1</span></b> (2012) and <span style="color: red;"><b>Kit 2</b></span> (2014). I will focus on West African (Nigerian), Native American and European Jewish (Ashkenazi) admixture, all of which was previously detected in my genomic data by other DNA companies, third-party utilities, and independent Biogeographical Ancestry analyses.<br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">(1) Average Score </span></b><br />
<a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> Ethnicity Estimate's Average Score is simply the percentages you see when you view your <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> Ethnicity Estimate report, inclusive of "Low Confidence" (previously known as "Trace") regions<b>*</b>. However <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> warns, <b>"</b><span style="color: blue;"><b>Our confidence that your actual genetic ethnicity is EXACTLY the average is not high</b>.</span><span style="color: blue;"><b>"</b></span><span style="color: blue;"><b style="color: blue;"> </b>This is because the Average Score you see is calculated from a broader Range Score (more on this in Section 2). </span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><br /></span>
<b>*<span style="color: red;">NOTE: </span></b>On March 28, 2017, <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> introduced the new tool <a href="https://blogs.ancestry.com/ancestry/2017/03/28/genetic-communities-beta-new-innovation-from-ancestrydna/">Genetic Communities</a> and updated its interface. As such some screenshots I use herein may look different from the next one but the information is exactly the same. Here are the results from my <b><span style="color: red;">Kit 1</span></b> and <b><span style="color: red;">Kit 2</span></b>:<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: blue;">My </span></b><a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a><b><span style="color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: red;">Kit 1 </span><span style="color: blue;">Ethnicity Estimate</span><span style="color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: blue;">showing</span><span style="color: blue;"> AVERAGE SCORE </span><span style="color: blue;">percentages</span><span style="color: blue;">:</span></b><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDAGxt1Dosqe5o7Aw2LUt7Lki8wFTLF5ZgJFDNmRA1OqiLMy0mJv_74bQ-mk6eYtxtR97tZZbT36eJF2u_u12cu7oZdlrnf96whWJ6kgjpglX8N9w8pfnoUA8hBjRPaLWFxbZ8b4x-MBU/s1600/AncestryDNA+Kit+%25231.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="365" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDAGxt1Dosqe5o7Aw2LUt7Lki8wFTLF5ZgJFDNmRA1OqiLMy0mJv_74bQ-mk6eYtxtR97tZZbT36eJF2u_u12cu7oZdlrnf96whWJ6kgjpglX8N9w8pfnoUA8hBjRPaLWFxbZ8b4x-MBU/s400/AncestryDNA+Kit+%25231.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>CLICK IMAGE TO ENLARGE</b></td></tr>
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<b><span style="color: blue;">My </span></b><a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a><b><span style="color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: red;">Kit 2 </span><span style="color: blue;">Ethnicity Estimate</span><span style="color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: blue;">showing</span><span style="color: blue;"> AVERAGE SCORE </span><span style="color: blue;">percentages: </span></b><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfVIbWepP8DnQ5PvIdvu2Zo_2l_J3gkKPdwvyZ41TyFOWxHGlFkpMhxSOF3fJDMZ68sd_Ti_B6h7AGGaRdzHESLYeBx_LaFeS5g6NUgAZfB3mDqzYI1GpASGhzWaSPyy4MtmjvJwCe8rU/s1600/AncestryDNA+Kit+%25232.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfVIbWepP8DnQ5PvIdvu2Zo_2l_J3gkKPdwvyZ41TyFOWxHGlFkpMhxSOF3fJDMZ68sd_Ti_B6h7AGGaRdzHESLYeBx_LaFeS5g6NUgAZfB3mDqzYI1GpASGhzWaSPyy4MtmjvJwCe8rU/s400/AncestryDNA+Kit+%25232.jpg" width="396" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>CLICK IMAGE TO ENLARGE</b></td></tr>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b>(2) Range Score</b></span><br />
When <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> analyzes your genomic data, they create a Range Score for each of your ethnicity "regions" and it is subsequently used to calculate your average percentage for each of those regions. More to the point, <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> says the Ethnicity Estimate,<span style="color: blue;"> "shows the average estimate as the given percent for each region. The general spread of the 40 estimates is shown as the probable range. Our analysis suggests that your actual ethnicity for this region lies somewhere in this range</span>."<br />
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To broadly simplify how the Range Score works let's use <b>YOU</b> as an example:<br />
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Imagine taking the <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> test 40 different times, and each time receiving slightly different results (as shown with my <b><span style="color: red;">Kit 1</span></b> and <b><span style="color: red;">Kit 2</span></b> plus 38 more). Once all 40 of your results are in then take each of your 40 scores <i><b>per ethnicity category</b></i> (ie Nigerian, Ireland, etc), add them up, divide by 40 and ... <i>joila </i>you have an Average score (what you see displayed in the Ethnicity Estimate report). Now take the additional step of showing for each region:<br />
<ul>
<li><b>the lowest amount you found on a test</b> (ie 3% Scandinavian) </li>
<li><b>the highest amount you found on a test</b> (ie 10% Scandinavian)</li>
</ul>
Now you have a <b>Range Score </b>(ie 3% to 10%) for the Ethnicity region (ie Scandinavian) = <b>3% to 10%</b> Scandinavian! <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> employes a similar multiple-analysis methodology when calculating as well as displaying your Ethnicity Estimate results, but luckily you don't have to provide 40 DNA samples. (More on this process in section 3.)<br />
<ul>
<li><b><span style="color: blue;">To find the Range Score for any of your Ethnicity regions, just click on the title of the ethnicity region and a drop-down module will open showing the Range Score <span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">—</span> even the categories equaling 0%. </span></b></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><b><span style="color: blue;">You can look at the Range score for regions equaling 0% by clicking the box next to "Show All Populations" and you'll see a full list of global ethnicity clusters (26 in total).</span></b></li>
</ul>
Now let's take a look at some of my Range scores for the "Regions" I selected for this blog:<br />
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<b>NIGERIAN** (WEST AFRICAN)</b><br />
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I only received 2% Nigerian on both of my kits. In fact with both of my kits the Nigerian Average score is located under the "Low Confidence" region tab so I have to click that to even see it. I expected the Nigerian estimate to be higher especially because I've at least two family branches with with deeps roots in Colonial Virginia and Maryland; both regions saw a large importation of enslaved Igbo. Also a few of my African genetic matches from DNA tests identify as Igbo. When I check the Range Score for <b><span style="color: red;">Kit 1</span></b>:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRPi2niOUCwQPtjHUm_mXsyDCgmEIo9kPBL8vKMl2AUB9fjg0saTNNhux2l3IwCmAsBYjz5WToNTaIsGzioycRtg7l6uQX6QeBelmVBuQnNMp-4dAyMo5zXJcqgSA0r3PVwmjo1T_fUKs/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-04-10+at+1.31.14+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRPi2niOUCwQPtjHUm_mXsyDCgmEIo9kPBL8vKMl2AUB9fjg0saTNNhux2l3IwCmAsBYjz5WToNTaIsGzioycRtg7l6uQX6QeBelmVBuQnNMp-4dAyMo5zXJcqgSA0r3PVwmjo1T_fUKs/s320/Screen+Shot+2017-04-10+at+1.31.14+PM.png" width="320" /></a></div>
As you can see the Range score for Nigerian is <b>0%<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">—</span>8%</b> (translated as 0% <i><b>to</b></i> 8%). This means on some of the 40 analyses that AncestryDNA's algorithm performed, 0% Nigerian was detected and on at least one run, as much as 8% was found. If <b><a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/">AncestryDNA</a> </b>had used the run with 8% Nigerian exclusively then my Ethnicity Estimate would look very different and be much more consistent with what I expected. I suspect my "Nigerian" markers are probably confined to certain areas of my genome and apparently the <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a>'s algorithm didn't land there often. <b>**<span style="color: red;">Note:</span></b> <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> is the only DNA company with an ethnicity cluster/reference population named "Nigerian" and this might be classified as "Sub Saharan African," "West African," "Igbo" or "Yoruba" on other admixture calculators.<br />
<br />
<b>NATIVE AMERICAN</b><br />
Like many of you I've stories about Native American ancestry in my family. According to my other DNA tests and biogeographical analyses, I have between 0.8% to 1.3% Native American <b>"real" </b>admixture so I expected the same with my <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> results. Of course I was horrified to learn my <b><span style="color: red;">Kit 1 </span></b>showed NO Native American. Instead I was assigned South Asian @ <1%.<br />
<br />
However on my <b><span style="color: red;">Kit 2</span></b> (below) my Ethnicity Estimate showed <1% Native American Average score and NO South Asian! How ironic. Checking my Range score we see <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> detected up to 1% Native American (which would be consistent with my other results):<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu7QK0FqfPo9T239cUGiCc9e4fy_-fmf7wp6G5Ijf2EGNGw2JP6yQzX_TNcvprH0DwwH2dCT5Yjv_fpmrfe_BsfxWkiprisBd_2yl4uMr650kLTtYLPxyoKbV4wmO6bDH0NzmqI3tgZz8/s1600/Native+American+Kit+2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu7QK0FqfPo9T239cUGiCc9e4fy_-fmf7wp6G5Ijf2EGNGw2JP6yQzX_TNcvprH0DwwH2dCT5Yjv_fpmrfe_BsfxWkiprisBd_2yl4uMr650kLTtYLPxyoKbV4wmO6bDH0NzmqI3tgZz8/s320/Native+American+Kit+2.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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Now remember I told you earlier than an Ethnicity region in which you received a 0% (zero percent) Average score you can check them to see if any percentages actually show up in the Range score<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: blue;"><b>Just click on the box next to "Show All Populations" located at the bottom of your Ethnicity Estimate report.</b></span></li>
</ul>
Now let's return to my <b><a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/">AncestryDNA</a> </b><b><span style="color: red;">Kit 1</span></b> (below) where Native American admixture is showing as 0% from my Ethnicity Estimate. When I check the range score I get:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDai-jTJU_HOmvsdYwxH-tECC2_0QRcfFj-8al-11sglTptgZV4z3lX-WIW-7Sa7JdUYJWeKBkdpnpRUhBaofUpEhmQofE91QnkK_1WSaoDdEvo-8u7xuVPKnHYe0Ab0Yrvzyb1iSRk1o/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-04-10+at+1.32.02+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDai-jTJU_HOmvsdYwxH-tECC2_0QRcfFj-8al-11sglTptgZV4z3lX-WIW-7Sa7JdUYJWeKBkdpnpRUhBaofUpEhmQofE91QnkK_1WSaoDdEvo-8u7xuVPKnHYe0Ab0Yrvzyb1iSRk1o/s320/Screen+Shot+2017-04-10+at+1.32.02+PM.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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As you can see my Native American percentages for the Range score is the exact same for both kits!<br />
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<b>EUROPEAN JEWISH (ASHKENAZI)</b><br />
Perhaps my most surprising admixture component, my European Jewish is small amount yet I know is real from previous tests, biogeographical analyses and lots of European Jewish genetic matches. In fact 23andMe assigned me 0.6% Ashkenazi and it appears as one single segment on chromosome-pair 9. Neither of my <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> kits showed any European Jewish (Ashkenazi) estimates, which was also surprising at first. Here is what my Range Score shows for both <b><a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/">AncestryDNA</a> </b>kits:<br />
<b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: red;">Kit 1:</span></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL6gKGbpcueB7mAEqsvcVFQ7v09rnOIuoBCCp-spo7Oyg5-POmZPos52w9ZYd7n-qaVpUS1ckr3DygtEdmH0Rua_EBoZ-QWIG_A2C7yU-oUul-YOfejJBXkYYjd9uZROXmNRmwC1tm5lQ/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-04-10+at+1.32.21+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL6gKGbpcueB7mAEqsvcVFQ7v09rnOIuoBCCp-spo7Oyg5-POmZPos52w9ZYd7n-qaVpUS1ckr3DygtEdmH0Rua_EBoZ-QWIG_A2C7yU-oUul-YOfejJBXkYYjd9uZROXmNRmwC1tm5lQ/s320/Screen+Shot+2017-04-10+at+1.32.21+PM.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">Kit 2:</span></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6Tbf-y7oZhsieqbXEwiCSQRTCfD49Tmc6UFqmvqzayClMGweulwdmAJPEUx_nwPdkQnVld0IncqgKrltHhBmXrcb4CdMHMD6tBAz4No8HCjV8xUgHHDbPSpst7bKgj5s246TlyViBz5s/s1600/Euro+Jewish+Range+-+Kit+2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="119" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6Tbf-y7oZhsieqbXEwiCSQRTCfD49Tmc6UFqmvqzayClMGweulwdmAJPEUx_nwPdkQnVld0IncqgKrltHhBmXrcb4CdMHMD6tBAz4No8HCjV8xUgHHDbPSpst7bKgj5s246TlyViBz5s/s320/Euro+Jewish+Range+-+Kit+2.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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As you can see my European Jewish Range Score is actually less than 1% for both kits. This also means it is consistent with the 0.6% Ashkenazi I received from 23andMe as well as the less than 2% Jewish-Ashkenazi assigned by FamilyTreeDNA's myOrigins test.<br />
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Finally it is possible for your Average Score of a particular Ethnicity region to be higher than the parent who gave it to you. Imagine for example that you and both parents tested, and your mother is supposed to be 25% Chinese (East Asia). When the results comes back you have 20% Asia East, your dad has 0% Asia East but your mother's average score is 18% Asia East. In this scenario viewing your Range Score may you have between 10% to 20% Asia East but your mother may show 20% to 30%. So in this instance your mother has at least as much Asian East as you and based on the ranges she has much more <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">— </span>up to 30%. In the same scenario it could have been possible for your dad's Range Score to show 0% to 5% Asia East, and therefore he could have been a contributor of Asia East too. <b><span style="color: red;">Do you understand?</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: red;">TL DIXON's TIP:</span></b> Take all of your reliable/accurate DNA ethnicity admixture estimates (ie <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a>, 23andMe, FamilyTreeDNA, National Genographic 2.0, MyHeritage, LivingDNA, GedMatch, DNA.Land, etc) and create your own range score for each of your ethnicity components. This can be tricky as you try to make the ethnicity categories among test results congruent because each company use different ethnic, biogeographical or regional nomenclature and reference population groupings, often to define the same categories. Further we may get the same admixture from both parents. <b><span style="color: blue;">Going forward, instead of telling people you're "10%" Scandinavian say that you have "</span><span style="color: red;">5% to 15%</span><span style="color: blue;">" or "</span><span style="color: red;">up to 15%</span><span style="color: blue;">" Scandinavian. </span></b><br />
[If you need more help understanding your ethnicity admixture results see my blog <a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/2016/12/interpreting-your-ethnicity-admixture.html">here</a>].<br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">(3) How the Range Score is Calculated</span></b><br />
Of course <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> could do a better of job of informing us about the existence of the game-changing Range score and how it is calculated. However if you're naturally inquisitive like me then you will search to see if <b><a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/">AncestryDNA</a> </b>offers an explanation. But of course they do, especially for laypersons. As such I will post the <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/cs/dna-help/ethnicity/bootstrapping"><b>AncestryDNA Learn More</b></a> tutorial below, which tells you exactly how the Range Score is calculated (commentary in blue and screenshots by <b><a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/">AncestryDNA</a>)</b>:<br />
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<span style="color: blue;"> When we calculate your estimate for each ethnicity region, we run forty separate analyses. Each of the forty analyses gives another estimate of your ethnicity, and each one is done with randomly selected portions of your DNA. Why forty? Ethnicity estimation can be variable from comparison to comparison -; different combinations of DNA can give us different information, so doing multiple analyses can give us a more accurate estimate, as well as the likely range.<br /><br />In the example below, we measure an estimate for one person for one ethnicity region. This first chart illustrates that for each of the 40 analyses, a slightly different portion of DNA is analyzed.</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFn6nsCrUHamvl3V3roWBJcuOmISCr0O_emHkqtg-hyenS6KedJ6GboCXGFL-3W4YksxNgRFdQaEkZnM_fu_UyyyFJyh4vZGLaGMuNJMjyHKy6v-5uQVkYK7L2ESrqrGzAtvYCtwD_SzU/s1600/Figure1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFn6nsCrUHamvl3V3roWBJcuOmISCr0O_emHkqtg-hyenS6KedJ6GboCXGFL-3W4YksxNgRFdQaEkZnM_fu_UyyyFJyh4vZGLaGMuNJMjyHKy6v-5uQVkYK7L2ESrqrGzAtvYCtwD_SzU/s640/Figure1.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">AncestryDNA screenshot</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: blue;"><br />This gives us 40 different estimates of a person's ethnicity for each region<br /><br />Each of the 40 estimates covers a substantial portion of the tested genomic information. Sometimes we find a diverse range of estimates for each region tested.</span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikx-l31bxJdZYGW7lGVfwUMaUUncroyOhA9Bhyiv6c6WeQAXEdSOE_Zz7caQJDl7IezKkErdxR8giR3KmiotYErAGERAUhUACpAR-TJL-ihbUWgBy0jtFiX1pL29rBTG3hg2m9BQCaEfQ/s1600/Figure2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="627" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikx-l31bxJdZYGW7lGVfwUMaUUncroyOhA9Bhyiv6c6WeQAXEdSOE_Zz7caQJDl7IezKkErdxR8giR3KmiotYErAGERAUhUACpAR-TJL-ihbUWgBy0jtFiX1pL29rBTG3hg2m9BQCaEfQ/s640/Figure2.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">AncestryDNA screenshot</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<span style="color: blue;"><br />The Average Estimate<br /><br />We look at each of the 40 estimates and find the average amount predicted for each region. This average becomes the percent that is displayed in the estimates. Our confidence that your actual genetic ethnicity is EXACTLY the average is not high.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinONBvUSPsDnAJoaS88yc6-Q6EnUMmicQVZj7siwpAoJrXYw3d-6lMMOETRH-Pvc6AWKeI0PXHzBopX3O3WXOinBf0G3J_Ms_xMNOk678B2fuPulnc73UDxOz_FkctCShahj2A5Vkuc7E/s1600/Figure3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinONBvUSPsDnAJoaS88yc6-Q6EnUMmicQVZj7siwpAoJrXYw3d-6lMMOETRH-Pvc6AWKeI0PXHzBopX3O3WXOinBf0G3J_Ms_xMNOk678B2fuPulnc73UDxOz_FkctCShahj2A5Vkuc7E/s640/Figure3.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">AncestryDNA screenshot</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: blue;"><br />The probable range<br /><br />There is often a wide range among these 40 estimates. The range shown in the product experience encompasses most of the variability found in the estimates. Our confidence that your actual genetic ethnicity falls within this range is relatively high.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-4hzwOCya90KgggcJp3r20Fd93C9IaUBWvC7aQVu4qvGdzda8pJpX9b_moV_8YRWGqdSdqd62OywW-DMk9zso9JnFZx5-g373nmkTknN9RHg8FomWO66AIMBjmu3CyKvx4YAI3oUO0MM/s1600/Figure4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-4hzwOCya90KgggcJp3r20Fd93C9IaUBWvC7aQVu4qvGdzda8pJpX9b_moV_8YRWGqdSdqd62OywW-DMk9zso9JnFZx5-g373nmkTknN9RHg8FomWO66AIMBjmu3CyKvx4YAI3oUO0MM/s640/Figure4.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">AncestryDNA screenshot</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
My observation based on a cursory view of <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a>'s <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/cs/dna-help/ethnicity/whitepaper">Ethnicity white paper</a> is it's unclear how many of your total 730,525<span style="background-color: white; color: #36322d; font-family: "source sans pro" , "helvetica neue" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span>SNPs are examined per each of the 40 scans, which could affect how much of your supposed ethnicity region didn't get detected.<br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">(4) Brief Comparison Between My Two AncestryDNA Kits</span></b><br />
In this section I compare my two <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> kits but focusing only on my Average scores for the Ethnicity Estimates. It was actually posted in 2014 before I knew how to utilize the Range score and is discussed in reverse chronological order. My purpose with presenting this information is showing how not considering the Range score in your Ethnicity Estimate can lead to misleading conclusions about your results.<br />
<br />
So I had an opportunity to take the <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> test again when a relative refused to submit another saliva sample after the submission failed; the relative is now hoping for success at 23andMe. I must admit to an innocuous curiosity about how my Ethnicity Estimate on the newer 2014 kit (K2) might vary from the first one I took back in 2012 (K1), as well as if predictions to genetic matches would change. (Please note K1 was submitted before <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> overhauled its ethnicity admixture tool).<br />
<br />
I expected there might be some differences particularly based on <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a>’s proprietary analysis of calculating an estimate for each ethnicity category by running 40 separate scans, with each scan choosing randomly selected portions of our DNA. Overall, both results were very similar and in “normal” range but not completely identical. To this extent some of the differences, such as introduction of additional ethnicity categories to K2, might led to an assumption that both kits represented two persons whom coincidentally received similar admixture profiles. Otherwise <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> has predicted K2 to be a twin or self to K1 with 99% confidence.<br />
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The regions I show affinity are almost the same on both kits, with the notable exception of Native American and Asia East now added to K2. Interestingly, Middle East (formerly Near East) is the only category for which I have 0% affinity in the “Show All Populations” view of the Ethnicity Estimate for both kits.<br />
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Many of my genetic matches were the same for both kits, however the “confidence level” of predicted kinship changed; in once case a 4th-to-6th cousin with 96% confidence on K1 has been downgraded to 5th-to-8th cousin with “Moderate” confidence on K2. Perhaps the most significant differences between kits is the more recent one has a higher range of no-calls than the earlier one : K2 @ 1.538% (10498 of 682549 SNPs) vs. K1 @ 0.206% (1403 of 682549 SNPs), but I’m not sure if this is even significant to the percentage of total SNPs actually utilized for the analysis. As of 2016, <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> tests 730,525 SNPs<span style="background-color: white; color: #36322d; font-family: "source sans pro" , "helvetica neue" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">. </span>In my opinion, K2 has a better estimate than K1 despite higher number of no-calls because it is roughly consistent with my other admixture results. <b><span style="color: blue;">Here's how my two Ethnicity Estimates compare:</span></b><br />
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<b>AFRICAN </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">—</span><b> <span style="color: red;">Kit 1</span>: 79% ... <span style="color: red;">Kit 2</span>: 78%</b><br />
Very similar to my 23andMe’s Ancestry Composition update, I lost 1% of total Sub Saharan African, from 79% to 78% on my ancestry.com’s K2. I’m now beginning to wonder if ethnic components from Asia, Europe and the Americas are being misidentified as Sub Saharan African. With Cameroon, I gained a point to 29% on K2. With Benin/Togo I lost a point to 19% on K2. With Senegal, which I suspect is the origins of my maternal haplogroup L1b1a, I lost a point to 13% on K2. With African Southeastern Bantu, I also lost a point to 7% on K2. However, Ivory Coast/Ghana and the South-Central Hunter-Gatherers and was the same on both kits at 6%. Under Trace Regions (now Low Confidence Regions), Nigeria gained a point to 3% on K2.<br />
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Cameroon <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">—</span> <span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">Kit 1</span>: <span style="color: blue;">28%</span><span style="color: blue;"> ... <span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">Kit 2</span>: </span><span style="color: blue;">29%</span><br />
Benin/Togo <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">—</span> <span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">Kit 1</span>: <span style="color: blue;">20%</span><span style="color: blue;"> ... </span><span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">Kit 2</span><span style="color: blue;">: </span><span style="color: blue;">19%</span><br />
Senegal --- <b style="color: red;">Kit 1</b>: 14% ... <span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">Kit 2</span>:<span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"> </span>13%<br />
African Southeastern Bantu <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">—</span> <span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">Kit 1</span>: 8% ... <span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">Kit 2</span>:<span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"> </span>7%<br />
Ivory Coast/Ghana <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">—</span> <span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">Kit 1</span>:<span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"> </span>6% ... <span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">Kit 2</span>:<span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: blue;">6%</span><span style="color: blue;"> </span><br />
Nigeria <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">—</span> <span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">Kit 1</span>: 2% ... <span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">Kit 2</span>: 3%<br />
African South-Central Hunter-Gatherers <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">—</span> <b style="color: red;">Kit 1</b>: 1% ... <b><span style="color: red;">Kit 2</span></b>: <span style="color: blue;">1% </span><br />
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<b>NATIVE AMERICAN & ASIAN</b><br />
Perhaps the 1% missing from the African on K2 went here. K2 detected Native American and Asia East @ less 1% each. I generally range 1.6% to 2.3% Native American and/or East Asian on various tests. On K1, I only had less 1% South Asian and less 1% Pacific Islander - Polynesian, the latter of which is remarkably present on both tests. K2 has no South Asian. On my 23andMe test, South Asian was replaced with Southeast Asian so this population has similarity to both regions. I suppose a few of <b><a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/">AncestryDNA</a> </b>40 scans landed in spots ripe with Native American-related markers this time around; I know these segments are located on chromosomes 5, 10, 17 and 22.<br />
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Native American <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">—</span> <b><span style="color: red;">Kit 1</span></b>: 0% ... <b><span style="color: red;">Kit 2</span></b>: <1%<br />
Asia East <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">—</span> <b><span style="color: red;">Kit 1</span></b>: 0%/ ... <b><span style="color: red;">Kit 2</span></b>: <1%<br />
Asia South <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">—</span> <b><span style="color: red;">Kit 1</span></b>: <1% ... <span style="color: red;"><b>Kit 2</b></span>: 0%<br />
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<b>EUROPEAN (total) <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">—</span> <span style="color: red;">Kit 1</span>: 19% ...<span style="color: red;"> Kit 2</span>: 19%</b><br />
The biggest percentage changes appear to be with the European subcategories, although overall European is the same at 19%, and like Africa section, all the subregions remained the same. I suspect my affinities with European will forever fluctuate because of how highly admixed these populations can be. However IMO <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> detects my Scandinavian, Dutch and German better than other tests but numbers could be inflated. With British, I lost two percentage points down to 7% on K2. Europe West is no longer a Trace Region estimate, as it has increased to 5% on K2 from 3% on K1. Scandinavian and Europe East is the same at 5% and less 1% respectively. Ireland actually increased from less 1% to 1% on K2. Neither kit picked up my tiny, but real European Jewish admixture. <br />
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British <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">—</span> <b><span style="color: red;">Kit 1</span></b>: 7% ... <span style="color: red;"><b>Kit 2</b></span>: 9%<br />
Europe West <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">—</span> <b><span style="color: red;">Kit 1</span></b>: 3% ... <span style="color: red;"><b>Kit 2</b></span>: 5%<br />
Scandinavia <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">—</span> <b><span style="color: red;">Kit 1</span></b>: 5% ... <b><span style="color: red;">Kit 2</span></b>: 5%<br />
Ireland <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">—</span> <b><span style="color: red;">Kit 1</span></b>: <1% ... <span style="color: red;"><b>Kit 2</b></span>: 1%<br />
Europe East <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">—</span> <b><span style="color: red;">Kit 1</span></b>: <1% ... <b><span style="color: red;">Kit 2</span></b>: <1%<br />
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<b>PACIFIC ISLANDER POLYNESIAN</b> <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">— </span><b><span style="color: red;">Kit 1</span>: 1% ... <span style="color: red;">Kit 2</span>: <1%</b><br />
The Polynesian affinity is showing due to my Malagasy ancestry, and this region is classified as Southeast Asian, Austronesian, South Asian or Indonesian on other DNA tests; Dr. Doug McDonald says my "East Asian" affinity is ranges from 1% to 1.3% just like the Native American. On <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> I combine it with my Asia East on K2 and South Asian on K1 noting <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> does not include a Southeast Asian region.<br />
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<b><span style="color: blue;">DAVID PIKE'S AUTOSOMAL DNA UTILITY:</span></b></div>
I wanted to check my AncestryDNA kits' raw data for Runs of Homozygosity (ROH), which are chromosomal locations in which you inherit the same alleles or bases (A-A instead of A-C) from both parents at same chromosomal location. If someone has long ROH's then it could mean his or her parents are related to each other. When I run both kits raw data through <a href="http://www.math.mun.ca/~dapike/FF23utils/">David Pike's Autosomal DNA Utility</a> to compare the raw data to search for runs of homozygosity, these were the results:<br />
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<span class="s1" style="color: red;"><b>Kit 2:</b></span></div>
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<span class="s1">Chr X: 100.000 % (17604 of 17604 SNPs) are homozygous, 318 No-Calls, 1 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous</span></div>
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<span class="s1">Chr Y: 885 SNPs, 22 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous</span></div>
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<span class="s1">Chr XY: 440 SNPs, 9 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous</span></div>
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<span class="s1">Total autosomal (Chr 1-22): 1.538 % ( 10498 of 682549 SNPs) are NoCalls</span></div>
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<span class="s1">Total autosomal (Chr 1-22): 30.839 % (210489 of 682549 SNPs) are Heterozygous (this tally excludes 0 heterozygous SNPs that were treated as homozygous)</span></div>
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<span class="s1">Total autosomal (Chr 1-22): 69.161 % (472060 of 682549 SNPs) are Homozygous (this tally includes 0 heterozygous SNPs that were treated as homozygous)</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="color: red;"><b>Kit 1:</b></span></div>
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<span class="s1">Chr X: 100.000 % (17604 of 17604 SNPs) are homozygous, 252 No-Calls, 7 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous</span></div>
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<span class="s1">Chr Y: 885 SNPs, 8 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous</span></div>
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<span class="s1">Chr XY: 440 SNPs, 2 No-Calls, 0 heterozygous SNPs treated as homozygous</span></div>
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<span class="s1">Total autosomal (Chr 1-22): 0.206 % ( 1403 of 682549 SNPs) are NoCalls</span></div>
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<span class="s1">Total autosomal (Chr 1-22): 31.318 % (213764 of 682549 SNPs) are Heterozygous (this tally excludes 0 heterozygous SNPs that were treated as homozygous)</span></div>
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<span class="s1">Total autosomal (Chr 1-22): 68.682 % (468785 of 682549 SNPs) are Homozygous (this tally includes 0 heterozygous SNPs that were treated as homozygous)</span><br />
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<span class="s1">As you can see ROH are pretty much the same for both AncestryDNA kits, and they are short so no indication my parents are closely related to each other. </span></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-size: large;"><b>CONCLUSION</b></span></div>
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Both of my <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> Ethnicity Estimates are very similar to each other and consistent with my results from other tests. However I would not have known this had I not checked the Range Score for all of my regions. As I've demonstrated —and as <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> points out — the Average scores we see are very unreliable and unstable. We should be looking at the more fluid Range Score which paints a more realistic snapshot of our genetic ancestral contributions. Undoubtedly genetic ethnicity forecasting is still a young and rapidly evolving science so our results are will change with the next ethnicity estimate update. To this extent <a href="https://www.ancestry.com/dna/"><b>AncestryDNA</b></a> is brilliant in its pragmatic approach at calculating our ethnicity estimates. You should be too. In fact I encourage all of you to create an genetic admixture composite or profile showing a Range Score for each of your ethnicity estimates culled from ALL of your reliable DNA tests and analyses. Enjoy in moderation, as too many salt grains and sugar granules is never good for you.<br />
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TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-56056388775685092472017-03-21T06:07:00.002-07:002017-03-21T06:13:58.364-07:0023andMe FREE African Genetics Project <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRzXzHjKPHObYkEROCFesCQ1EshhWYwhyphenhyphen5ZKX7VjOZuvfa9z5J8i6Qomavfwr6A80x5IOisy2rpX6b0rIjBzhqxI6DEYv-NuXxDA5R_KHlvo3ziI5M01ggvQIJ5fmIzvMYSh_dfJ29g0E/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-03-19+at+6.17.27+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRzXzHjKPHObYkEROCFesCQ1EshhWYwhyphenhyphen5ZKX7VjOZuvfa9z5J8i6Qomavfwr6A80x5IOisy2rpX6b0rIjBzhqxI6DEYv-NuXxDA5R_KHlvo3ziI5M01ggvQIJ5fmIzvMYSh_dfJ29g0E/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-03-19+at+6.17.27+PM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">23andMe blog screenshot </td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">Dear African Brothers & Sisters,</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">You're in a pivotal and unique position to help your African-American relatives (including myself) learn about their Motherland roots, and to help understand more about where the descendants of your ancestors branched out in the Americas; a net-net gain. So if you're of recent African descent and currently reside in the United States, I humbly request you consider participating in the <span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://www.23andme.com/africa-project/"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe African Genetics Project</span></a>. </span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">If you qualify (see full eligibility requirements below), then you will receive a </span><b style="font-family: "courier new", courier, monospace;"><span style="color: red;">FREE </span></b><b style="font-family: "courier new", courier, monospace;">23andMe ancestry & health kit, </b><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">and much more<b> </b></span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">(value: $199).</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">The</span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;"><span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;"><b> </b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/africa-project/" style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe African Genetics Project</span></a></span> kicked off October 16, 2016, and is the direct-to-consumer DNA company's continuing efforts to understand genetics of the Africa diaspora. Past efforts have included the African Ancestry Project and Roots Into the Future, which tested 10,000 African-Americans for free. </span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">I've actually received most of my genetic African matches(<span style="color: blue;"><b>Fula-Guinea</b></span>, <span style="color: blue;"><b>Douala-Cameroon</b></span>, <b><span style="color: blue;">Igbo-Nigeria, Merina-Madagascar</span></b>) at 23andMe, but I had to pay ... it was totally worth it. (Read my 23andMe review <a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/2014/11/the-best-dna-tests-for-african.html">here</a>.) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">Once you sign up for </span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;"><span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://www.23andme.com/africa-project/"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe African Genetics Project</span></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;"> and meet eligibility requirements </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">—</span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;"> all four grandparents must be born in the same African region or from same ethnic/tribal group within certain countries </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">—</span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;"> and submit your saliva sample, then you will receive ancestry (ie ethnicity composition breakdown, haplogroup assignments) and health reports, as well as </span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">a list of real genetic relatives from Africa and abroad. </span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">You may also be asked to be included in 23andMe's African reference population panel, which sorely needs more people like you who KNOW their roots. Of course the 23andMe</span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;"> test can help you build your own personal genealogical pedigree, too.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">I highly recommend joining </span><a href="https://www.23andme.com/africa-project/" style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><b><span style="color: blue;">23andMe African Genetics Project</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">. Remember it's <b><span style="color: red;">FREE</span></b> of charge. </span><b style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><span style="color: blue;">JOIN NOW </span><a href="https://enroll.23andme.com/research/africa-project/"><span style="color: red;">HERE</span></a></b><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;"><b>In order to be eligible, you:</b></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">must reside in the U.S., </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">be 18 years or older,</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">have internet access,</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">speak and write English fluently, </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">have <u style="font-weight: bold;">all four</u> of your grandparents were born in the same African country or come from the same ethnic or tribal group within one of the following countries: <span style="color: blue;"><b>Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Cote d'Ivore, Liberia, Republic of Congo, Senegal, Sudan and Togo.</b></span></span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">(NOTE: West African countries such as Nigeria were covered in the first phase of this project.)</span></li>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBzCRiggd7XnyXSBHsM8xAQuIanI_AvhjjO_tVtmfCyD2kf2TKpLMxeFi2tUG_yUQBxFmuYeWgKcgb5_PQHNP8kV1WsgcG4CtaTR3qeo4HfGezfOFI7oXJaSKvtk0SqpWtDpjMkHm4Av0/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-03-19+at+6.17.46+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBzCRiggd7XnyXSBHsM8xAQuIanI_AvhjjO_tVtmfCyD2kf2TKpLMxeFi2tUG_yUQBxFmuYeWgKcgb5_PQHNP8kV1WsgcG4CtaTR3qeo4HfGezfOFI7oXJaSKvtk0SqpWtDpjMkHm4Av0/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-03-19+at+6.17.46+PM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">23andMe blog screenshot </td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">Please note that you control your data and all of your information is secure. </span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">No blood tests or trips to the testing lab is required; it's a saliva (aka spit) test. </span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">Of course you should read the fine print (ie terms of service) and ask questions if you must by contacting 23andMe. I, and many of 23andMe's 1.5 million testers, can vouch that this company is notorious for protecting the privacy of its customers. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">The whole process takes about 20 minutes in total. You will be asked to send in your saliva sample and complete a 15 minute service about your family's origins: </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVD0R9OkA6Y04jHlC4VJ5QhmjX8NXACeZdsCtaveka99_vVkcRTMXB2YgGKhNEs6OV3t43oWko5zJ-fBebZKE7rhwJD9gonwaeCxM78r4Lw52NW8HbSgopYhhZTXDMRS4BXlYa6hSAg7g/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-03-19+at+6.18.34+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVD0R9OkA6Y04jHlC4VJ5QhmjX8NXACeZdsCtaveka99_vVkcRTMXB2YgGKhNEs6OV3t43oWko5zJ-fBebZKE7rhwJD9gonwaeCxM78r4Lw52NW8HbSgopYhhZTXDMRS4BXlYa6hSAg7g/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-03-19+at+6.18.34+PM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">23andMe blog screenshot </td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">This is what the start of the survey looks like: </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYXw3geOKPtOMLhQdeaiwKkIj6XOVDgnTstUww94un0skpFhu_cHZ6D9M5e4ltHHJrh9TrcXOSCdql0EYiifkeJIH18-8SDj_-84bmSrEMW896CZhFH4AqdUAUft7UoYJLd9Cfo3_Z1ys/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-03-20+at+12.56.15+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYXw3geOKPtOMLhQdeaiwKkIj6XOVDgnTstUww94un0skpFhu_cHZ6D9M5e4ltHHJrh9TrcXOSCdql0EYiifkeJIH18-8SDj_-84bmSrEMW896CZhFH4AqdUAUft7UoYJLd9Cfo3_Z1ys/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-03-20+at+12.56.15+AM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">23andMe blog screenshot </td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">As you can see below, 23andMe had a number of initiatives geared toward Africans and African-Americans:</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYT6T1K1tegbS-jyKaLVykYjcxpIS3O7iRIcDivSdzsE6QnTyqYW381qbQQjo5j9cPqdP-fq2JR6rNtt8JSqqzTbNM4vPyuCfZ-GuWR9dsjmcgBY9Ax3MBhgTSXJf1yR676VQznpemiYo/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-03-19+at+6.18.56+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYT6T1K1tegbS-jyKaLVykYjcxpIS3O7iRIcDivSdzsE6QnTyqYW381qbQQjo5j9cPqdP-fq2JR6rNtt8JSqqzTbNM4vPyuCfZ-GuWR9dsjmcgBY9Ax3MBhgTSXJf1yR676VQznpemiYo/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-03-19+at+6.18.56+PM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">23andMe blog screenshot</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;"><b><br />Don't delay, participate in the</b></span> <b style="font-family: "courier new", courier, monospace;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.23andme.com/africa-project/" style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe African Genetics Project</span></a> </span></b><b style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;"><span style="color: blue;">TODAY </span><a href="https://enroll.23andme.com/research/africa-project/"><span style="color: red;">HERE</span></a></b><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;">. </span><br />
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TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-3062618737046776362017-02-20T09:41:00.000-08:002017-02-20T11:15:02.698-08:00FTDNA Exciting New Autosomal Transfer Program<div dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1487386757073_8809" style="line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje5HTDI6PdDQyxI4gXv6gGANyCDee6Htsruuo4lfeUyHhhPgl0eSStqtKGhqTTXJBxOoUYu6zu59GJ8mjcUwY6JpWd7-MomwE0tMIjwONzRe1pCRo4Wrg4dx-xHsiH0u2wyuHMkrebWx8/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-02-20+at+11.20.07+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="406" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje5HTDI6PdDQyxI4gXv6gGANyCDee6Htsruuo4lfeUyHhhPgl0eSStqtKGhqTTXJBxOoUYu6zu59GJ8mjcUwY6JpWd7-MomwE0tMIjwONzRe1pCRo4Wrg4dx-xHsiH0u2wyuHMkrebWx8/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-02-20+at+11.20.07+AM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">FamiltyTreeDNA screen-grab</td></tr>
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<span style="color: #202020;"><br />Genealogical DNA testing is coming full circle now with the great news offered by </span><a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/"><span style="color: blue;"><b>FamilyTreeDNA</b></span></a><span style="color: #202020;">. You can now transfer most versions of your 23andMe and AncestryDNA autosomal results (raw data) to </span><a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/"><span style="color: blue;"><b>FamilyTreeDNA</b></span></a><span style="color: #202020;"> and receive genetic matches for free as well as full access to </span><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/"><span style="color: blue;"><b>FamilyTreeDNA</b></span>'</a>s</span><span style="color: #202020;"> tools for only $19. And finally a </span><a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/"><span style="color: blue;"><b>FamilyTreeDNA</b></span></a><span style="color: #202020;"><b> </b>myOrigins ethnicity admixture update is imminent! </span></div>
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<span style="color: #202020;">This is exciting news because customers traditionally testing at one of the other major DTC DNA services (23andMe, AncestryDNA) will now be able to enjoy the sweet fruits of </span><a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/"><span style="color: blue;"><b>FamilyTreeDNA</b></span></a><span style="color: #202020;">, which has long been considered the best site for serious genetic genealogists. Collaterally at present </span><a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/"><span style="color: blue;"><b>FamilyTreeDNA</b></span></a><span style="color: #202020;"> seems to have the lowest amount of African-descended and diaspora DNA testers resulting in a more tepid experience for them, but I expect that to drastically change for the better with this new transfer program. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #202020;">I'm going to share with you the email I received on February 16, 2017, from </span><a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/"><span style="color: blue;"><b>FamilyTreeDNA</b></span></a><span style="color: #202020;"> below (emphasis in bold and additional commentary in red added by me). After you finish indulging I highly recommend you transfer your other test results to </span><span style="color: blue;"><b><a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/"><span style="color: blue;">FamilyTreeDNA</span></a><span style="color: blue;">'s</span></b></span><span style="color: #202020;"> new Autosomal Program </span><a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/autosomal-transfer" style="background-color: transparent;"><b><span style="color: blue;">here</span></b></a><span style="color: #202020;">. Enjoy: </span></div>
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<ul id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1487386757073_8811" style="background-color: white; font-family: helvetica; margin: 2px 0px; padding: 0px 40px;">
<li dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1487386757073_8818" style="font-size: 16px;"><div dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1487386757073_8817" style="-webkit-padding-start: 0px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #202020;">Customers can now transfer 23andMe© V4 and AncestryDNA™ V2 files in addition to the 23andMe© V3 and AncestryDNA™ V1 files that </span><a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/"><span style="color: blue;"><b>FamilyTreeDNA</b></span></a><span style="color: #202020;"> accepted previously. </span><span style="color: blue;"><b>MyHeritage and Genographic transfers will be supported in the coming weeks</b></span><span style="color: blue;">.</span></div>
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<li id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1487386757073_8819" style="color: #202020; font-size: 16px;">FamilyTreeDNA still does not accept 23andMe© processed <b>prior to November 2010</b>. A Family Finder test will need to be purchased.<br style="-webkit-padding-start: 0px;" /> </li>
<li id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1487386757073_8820" style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #202020;"><b><span style="color: blue;">23andMe© V3</span> </b><span style="color: #202020;">and </span><b><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA™ V1</span></b><span style="color: #202020;"> now receive a full list of matches and the ability to use the Matrix feature </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><b>FOR FREE</b></span><span style="color: #202020;">. For only </span><span style="color: blue;"><b>$19</b></span><span style="color: #202020;"><span style="color: #202020;">, the customer can unlock the Chromosome Browser, myOrigins, and ancientOrigins. </span><b><span style="color: red;">This is the best value yet. </span></b></span></li>
<li dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1487386757073_9953" style="font-size: 16px;"><div dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1487386757073_9952" style="-webkit-padding-start: 0px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #202020;"><b><span style="color: blue;">23andMe© V4</span></b><span style="color: #202020;"> and </span><b><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA™ V2</span></b><span style="color: #202020;"> receive all but the most speculative matches (6th to remote cousins), also for free. After transferring,</span></span><b><span style="color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: red;">if the customer wants to receive speculative matches, they will have to submit a sample and have a Family Finder run at the reduced price of $59.</span><span style="color: blue;"> </span></b><span style="color: #202020;"><b><span style="color: red;">NOTE: 23andMe customers who tested after November 2013 are on V4, and AncestryDNA customers who tested after May 2016 are on V2. </span></b></span><span style="color: red;"><b>In my opinion it's very generous of FTDNA to provide <i>all but 6th to remote cousins </i>(that's up to 5th cousins) for respective V4 and V2 customers who don't want to provide a new sample and pay the reduced price of $59 (or $20 off regular Family Finder), and a nice savings for customers who prize those solid distant matches. </b></span></div>
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<li dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1487386757073_9958" style="font-size: 16px;"><div dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1487386757073_9957" style="-webkit-padding-start: 0px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px;">
Matches should take somewhere between one and 24 hours to appear, depending on the volume of tests in the autosomal pipeline.</div>
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<li dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1487386757073_9960" style="-webkit-padding-start: 0px; text-align: start;"><div dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1487386757073_9959" style="-webkit-padding-start: 0px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: blue;">myOrigins update</span> will be released in the coming weeks. Until then transfers will include only broad populations.</b></span><span style="color: #202020; font-size: large;"> </span><b><span style="color: red;">FTDNA previously announced back in November 2015 that a myOrigins update was going to be released first quarter of 2016; see my blog <a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/2016/03/coming-down-ethnicity-admixture-pike.html">here</a>. Maybe it was a misprint. At any rate this is great news. </span></b></div>
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<li dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1487386757073_9962" style="font-size: 16px;"><div dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1487386757073_9961" style="-webkit-padding-start: 0px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #202020;">Additionally, </span><b><span style="color: #202020;">all </span><u><span style="color: blue;">previously transferred files</span></u><span style="color: #202020;"> that </span><span style="color: blue;"><u>have not been unlocked</u> </span><span style="color: #202020;">will receive their matches and have access to the Matrix feature for free as long as the release form is signed.</span></b><span style="color: #202020;"> These kits will be also be able to <b>unlock the other Family Finder features for $19</b>. If the transfer was on a kit with another product where the release form has already been signed, then the matches will appear with no further action necessary.</span></div>
</li>
<li dir="ltr" id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1487386757073_9963" style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #202020;">The Autosomal Transfer webpage has been enhanced to include a new image and a FAQ section. The FAQ section is displayed towards the bottom of the page. </span><b><span style="color: red;">You should look at the FAQ section first before you flood online forums with questions.</span></b></li>
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<li id="yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1487386757073_9998" style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: #202020;">If a customer tries to transfer the same autosomal file a second time, a message will be displayed that the file is a duplicate and will list the kit number of the original kit. </span><b><span style="color: red;">So please don't inundate the FTDNA transfer program with duplicate results. It is far better to test and transfer more family members. </span></b></li>
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TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-41144223772504188792017-02-03T10:52:00.001-08:002017-02-03T10:52:11.460-08:0023andMe Sweetheart SALE<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Yes it's true, genealogical DNA testing company 23andMe is now offering <span style="color: red;"><b>$20 off of kits thru February 14, 2017 Valentines Day</b></span> --- that $79 for it's ancestry-only service and $179 for ancestry and health service. This is so sweet because 23andMe very rarely goes on sale. You can for order <span style="color: red;"><b><a href="https://www.23andme.com/?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=Search-Branded-Mid&utm_content=23c_Search_Paid_Brand&gclid=CjwKEAiA8dDEBRDf19yI97eO0UsSJAAY_yCS3uaCrQ9fVQY7Pj5I_qA0DAj_JL1gy-8lG82T2UjxBhoCfzzw_wcB&gclsrc=aw.ds&dclid=CKKa9MPA9NECFRVGDAodDEEPQg">here</a>.</b></span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">You can also read my reviews on 23andme <a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/2014/11/the-best-dna-tests-for-native-american.html">here</a> and <a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/2014/11/the-best-dna-tests-for-african.html">here</a>. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Happy Testing!</span>TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-82600901884632668592017-01-15T11:11:00.002-08:002017-02-21T17:31:22.341-08:00A00 Cameroon Research Project and Albert Perry's Y<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVl7ZhQq4Axc3Lv4nIQY_BBDWD9f96M8XVqSCyZC6O52GsVkj1ZjN6pHl-hvyQEbpOhpz4N-gXCVsb-02x-1x3NRKflxWZ6I7DVhUO7MWBOWQIzlzUj5HP4omqM9o80JvcMsqhZBlxnV4/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-01-10+at+9.51.23+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVl7ZhQq4Axc3Lv4nIQY_BBDWD9f96M8XVqSCyZC6O52GsVkj1ZjN6pHl-hvyQEbpOhpz4N-gXCVsb-02x-1x3NRKflxWZ6I7DVhUO7MWBOWQIzlzUj5HP4omqM9o80JvcMsqhZBlxnV4/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-01-10+at+9.51.23+PM.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Dear Friends,</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Please join me in supporting the groundbreaking efforts of the <a href="https://www.gofundme.com/a00-cameroon"><b><span style="color: blue;">A<span style="color: blue;">00 Cameroon Research Project</span></span></b></a>, which seeks to continue DNA sample collection from special indigenous populations in the Cameroon region. Headed by a fantastic group of citizen scientists, including renowned genetic genealogist <b>Bonnie Schrack</b> (who I've come to know), Cameroonian historian <b>Dr. Matthew Forka</b>, and YSeq founders <b>Thomas & Astrid Khran</b>, the team helped identify Y-DNA haplogroup <b>A00</b>, which is the most basal<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup"> </a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup">Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup</a> yet discovered — first in an African-American male from South Carolina, and then in tribesmen of western Cameroon. This is one of those discoveries </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">"that could rewrite long-held theories about the evolution of modern humans." Yet it's an independent scientific effort. As such the</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><a href="https://www.gofundme.com/a00-cameroon" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">A00 Cameroon Research Project</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> has launched another fundraiser to help </span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Dr. Forka</b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> on his last major field trip this year to collect </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>200 DNA samples</b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> from the indigenous </span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola_people">Bakola</a> </b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baka_people_(Cameroon_and_Gabon)" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><b>Baka</b></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> peoples. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I'm going to tell you more about this wonderful grassroots endeavor, but as soon as you're done please consider helping the <a href="https://www.gofundme.com/a00-cameroon"><b><span style="color: blue;">A00 Cameroon Research Project</span></b></a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />As an African-American male with ancestral roots in both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"><span style="color: blue;"><b>South Carolina</b></span></a> (where Y-DNA haplogroup A00 was first discovered) and <b><span style="color: blue;">Cameroon </span></b>(including two genetic relatives from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duala_people"><span style="color: blue;"><b>Duala people</b></span></a>), as well as my largest AncestryDNA ethnicity admixture component assigned "Cameroon" (up to 40% ), <span style="color: red;"><b>I'm PROUD</b></span> to support this game-changing research! </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><b><br /></b></i></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><b>So why is the </b></i><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><a href="https://www.gofundme.com/a00-cameroon" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><i>A00 Cameroon Research Project</i></span></a></b><i><b> critically important and so worth your support? </b> </i></span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Y-DNA haplogroup <b>A00 </b>represents the oldest branch of human males in history and finding a divergent branch of <b>A00</b> (or maybe even a more basal haplogroup) would allow a better determination of the age (currently @ 192,000 to 307,000 years old) and origins of<b> A00</b>. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">This discovery added a completely new branch to Y-DNA family and changed what scientists knew about human existence. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">It expands our knowledge about evolutionary genetics, human genetic diversity, Y-chromosome phylogeny.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><a href="https://www.gofundme.com/a00-cameroon" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">A00 Cameroon Research Project</span></a></b> is run by Citizen Scientists — they don't have big budgets, corporate/academic sponsors or grants to rely upon so they depend on crowd-sourcing, fundraising and generous donations from private folk such as yourself. </span> </li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">V</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ery few genetic studies focus on indigenous African and diaspora populations so we should at least support those that do. In addition to evolutionary genetics, we begin to unravel the specific ancestral connections between Africa and her diaspora, especially in the Americas. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Today's Africans are in a unique position to help African-descendants in the Americas unravel the tangled roots caused by the Trans-Atlantic Slave trade. </span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">The Story of Perry's Y</span></b></span><br />
<div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">It all started in 2008 with Jacqueline Johnson, an African-American family genealogist, who tested various family members for her Johnson family genealogy project. Johnson submitted</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> DNA samples of a few male cousins to </span><a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">FamilyTreeDNA</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> for a routine genetic analysis of their Y-chromosome. One male cousin, whose identity remains anonymous and who subsequently passed in 2013, had an unusual and mysterious mutation. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />According to genetic genealogist Bonnie Schrack, after the 12-marker results from this test were received in 2008, Johnson's unidentified male cousin had no matches in the database. The sample sat there untouched until 2011, when Schrack became the administrator of the Y-DNA "A" Haplogroup Project at FamilyTreeDNA. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />"At the same time a landmark paper by Cruciani et al had just made a momentous rearrangement of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree's root zone, so there was a lot of curiosity among some of us who were working on the tree, through ISOGG and as project administrators, and on the DNA-Forums as to what more could be learned," says Schrack. <br /><br />Schrack says there were a considerable number of members of Y-DNA haplogroups such as A1a and A3b2 in the project, and a few whose haplotypes were not easy to classify. Johnson's unidentified male cousin, who had recently upgraded to Y-37 markers, was one of those members. <br /><br />After coalescing with Thomas Khran, and other genetic genealogists and citizen scientists who were interested in this research, Schrack says she weighed the possibilities. "Working with a North African professor who lives and teaches in Mexico, we planned out a series of individual SNP tests to place the unclear samples in the Y-DNA phylo-tree." </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Thomas Khran did all the testing. </span><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">In the Fall 2011, Khran performed Walk through the Y tests on two other project members who were A0. Then by Winter 2011-2012, the unidentified male's </span><a href="http://www.isogg.org/wiki/WTY" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Walk Through the Y</a><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"> that was to be A00 had been identified. </span><span style="background-color: #f1f0f0; font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap;">A</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">fter much investigation</span><span style="background-color: #f1f0f0; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">and several <a href="http://www.isogg.org/wiki/WTY">Walk Through the Y</a> tests on these divergent Y chromosomes, Schrack and Khran alerted FamilyTreeDNA's Dr. Michael Hammer to this one especially unique Y-chromosome. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">By November 2012 Schrack, Thomas and Hammer did a three-part presentation at FamiiyTreeDNA's conference. This subsequently led to more attention from the mainstream.</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">According</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> to </span><a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23240-the-father-of-all-men-is-340000-years-old/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">New Scientist</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> when </span><a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">FamilyTreeDNA</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">’s technicians tried to place Perry on the Y-DNA phylogenetic tree and ... they just couldn’t:</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">"His Y chromosome was like no other so far analysed. <a href="http://hammerlab.biosci.arizona.edu/michael_hammer.html">Michael Hammer</a>, a geneticist at the University of Arizona in Tucson, heard about Perry’s unusual Y chromosome and did some further testing and concluded:</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Bonnie and her team’s research revealed something extraordinary: Perry did not descend from the genetic Adam. In fact, his Y chromosome was so distinct that his male lineage probably separated from all others about 338,000 years ago."</span></blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0GvIT4m_0h3FTycygNIgueNE8cxOD7uG8uZEHQQOh_UZHcxCdSBN30kn2UnyTVxdsKYNIHcgoQT_5o_1_wp63DK6tw2GQ43iUALdbLpbZMmgC6BMXB-nZrjrA3LdSIrhoVLjrEopFwG0/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-01-12+at+11.57.19+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="365" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0GvIT4m_0h3FTycygNIgueNE8cxOD7uG8uZEHQQOh_UZHcxCdSBN30kn2UnyTVxdsKYNIHcgoQT_5o_1_wp63DK6tw2GQ43iUALdbLpbZMmgC6BMXB-nZrjrA3LdSIrhoVLjrEopFwG0/s400/Screen+Shot+2017-01-12+at+11.57.19+PM.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">Source: http://theconversation.com/albert-and-adam-rewrite-the-story-of-human-origins-1583</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Jacqueline Johnson's unidentified male cousin's Y-DNA mutation seemed to be older than current estimates for the age of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans">anatomically modern humans</a>. For example Y-DNA Haplogroup A, also known as Y-chromosome Adam, is the father of all human males, and is estimated to be 254,000 ybp according to</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><a href="http://haplogroup-a.com/Ancient-Root-AJHG2013.pdf" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">Mendez et al 2013</span></a>.<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> However </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Y-chromosome Adam's descendant A00 seems much older than 254,000 ybp although there has been some healthy debate on it's age — </span><a href="http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v22/n9/full/ejhg2013303a.html" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">Elhaik et al 2014</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> places the age of A00 at </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">208,300 ybp and <a href="http://genome.cshlp.org/content/25/4/459"><span style="color: blue;">Karmin et al. 2015</span></a> dated it to between 192,000 and 307,000 ybp (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/95%25_confidence_interval" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">95% CI</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">). This also means Y-chromosome Adam is even older than once thought. While A00's age may be subject to debate, it is clearly the most ancient divergent Y-DNA haplogroup yet discovered. And it was found in Jacqueline Johnson's male cousin from South Carolina. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Johnson traced her unidentified male cousin's earliest know direct patrilineal forefather to a former slave named Albert Perry (b.c. 1819-1827). He lived in Chester and York Cos., South Carolina, first appearing on the 1870 census (below) just after five years after the U.S. Civil War and the emancipation of slavery. </span><span style="background-color: #f1f0f0; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap;">S</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ince Albert Perry is the first known historical patrilineal ancestor of Y-DNA haplogroup A00, the haplotype has come to be known as Perry's Y.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE9-sPa-o0FsoREgCxQhP_-COSeOc1F-DjdRev8XYrE7eFWf-DyWrJzKojMfif7rfGwafliLp-30uwJnDnmc1GhUI7sLMdZ0RXbSSV5qGNW4kmrSUTQrjn7ajFoyu9-L8awgbVPEro7u0/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-02-20+at+10.45.24+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE9-sPa-o0FsoREgCxQhP_-COSeOc1F-DjdRev8XYrE7eFWf-DyWrJzKojMfif7rfGwafliLp-30uwJnDnmc1GhUI7sLMdZ0RXbSSV5qGNW4kmrSUTQrjn7ajFoyu9-L8awgbVPEro7u0/s640/Screen+Shot+2017-02-20+at+10.45.24+PM.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Source: Year: 1870; Census Place: Landsford, Chester, South Carolina; Roll: M593_1490; Page: 128A; Image: 403844; Family History Library Film: 55298</i></td></tr>
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: red;">TIP: </span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">f you're a male you can discover your own paternal haplogroup assignment by taking <b>Y-DNA tests</b> at<span style="color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.yseq.net/">Yseq</a>; <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/" style="color: blue;">FamilyTreeDNA</a>,</span><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span>companion site<span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://www.africandna.com/" style="color: blue;">AfricanDNA</a>; and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/about/"><span style="color: blue;">National Genographic 2.0</span></a> (<b>NOTE:</b> Your Nat Geno 2.0 results can be transferred to FamilyTreeDNA for <b><span style="color: red;">FREE,</span></b> after which you will receive a <i><b><span style="color: red;">confirmed Y-DNA</span></b></i> haplogroup assignment at FamilyTreeDNA). After Y-DNA testing you can<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> search the current</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b> <a href="http://isogg.org/tree/"><span style="color: blue;">Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2017</span></a></b></span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">to locate your<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> own paternal haplogroup assignment, defining SNPs and in the case of <a href="http://www.familytreedna.com/" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">FamilyTreeDNA</span></a> explore your Y-DNA matches</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. You may have inherited Perry's Y or another undiscovered haplogroup. </span></span></span></li>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>The A00 Cameroon Research Project</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu8hdwkV491J6XlNlpejwaSqzuViYYzyLazL5felRvHOhoKMOpKHDfEEC9CHuRnK77377i0CK1ZjamhV-yxrtSxtLGtoPo-F02z1cr8-Hnwl5vfxmZHKMw-mW7nG5KHXNzuMQWlBw4rCI/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-01-14+at+2.59.22+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu8hdwkV491J6XlNlpejwaSqzuViYYzyLazL5felRvHOhoKMOpKHDfEEC9CHuRnK77377i0CK1ZjamhV-yxrtSxtLGtoPo-F02z1cr8-Hnwl5vfxmZHKMw-mW7nG5KHXNzuMQWlBw4rCI/s1600/Screen+Shot+2017-01-14+at+2.59.22+PM.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The </span></span><b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://www.gofundme.com/a00-cameroon" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">A00 Cameroon Research Project</a> </span></b>was born out of the trailblazing work of <span style="color: blue;"><b style="color: blue;">Bonnie Schrack</b><b style="color: blue;">,</b><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue;"><b>Dr. Matthew Forka</b></span> (both pictured left) and YSeq founders <span style="color: blue;"><b style="color: blue;">Thomas & Astrid Khran,</b><span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">all whose dedicated efforts lead to the discovery of Perry's Y DNA haplogroup Aoo. In particular<br />Schrack and Forka went on a mission to find indigenous men from Africa who had the same mutations as Perry's Y. They hit pay dirt when Perry's mutation turned up in the genetic data of 11 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbo_people_(Cameroon)">Mbo</a> males (out of a sample of 174) in</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Region_(Cameroon)" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Western Cameroon</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Schrack says that scientists were able to compare the values of six of the Y-STRs commonly tested for genealogical DNA tests from Perry's Y-DNA results to a database at an <a href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/">academic institution</a> and was able to determine that this haplotype is similar to 11 samples from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbo_people_%28Cameroon%29">Mbo</a> individuals, a Bantu speaking population from western Cameroon. It is worthy to note </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thomas Khran obtained samples from colleagues in the U.K. that Matthew Forka had sent to them years earlier and which were later confirmed to be A00. Khran also calculated the date of A00's split from the other haplogroups and helped to get this game-changing information published in a major journal.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Here is the peer-reviewed paper published by team in 2013:</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><b><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://haplogroup-a.com/Ancient-Root-AJHG2013.pdf" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">An African American Paternal Lineage Adds an Extremely Ancient Root to the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></b>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">By 2015 the A00 researchers reported "the highest concentration of A00 is found in the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangwa&action=edit&redlink=1" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Bangwa</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> males (27 of 67 samples positive for A00), AND that they are in a separate sub-group to the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbo_people_(Cameroon)" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Mbo</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> A00 samples. One individual was found who fits neither sub-group." </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The <b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><a href="https://www.gofundme.com/a00-cameroon" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">A00 Cameroon Research Project</span></a></b> seeks to raise awareness and funding to continue their important res</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">earch "that could rewrite long-held theories about the evolution of modern humans." According to Bonnie Schrack, the team was able to successfully sample the <span style="color: blue;">Bangwa</span>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbo_people_(Cameroon)">Mbo</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamileke_people">Bamileke</a> tribes, and host a third trip to sample the <span style="color: blue;">Banyang</span> and <span style="color: blue;">Ejagham</span> people from Western Cameroon. The team is currently planning the latest (2017) major field trip to sample three different so-called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_peoples">Pygmy</a> populations — <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baka_people_(Cameroon_and_Gabon)">Baka</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyele_people">Gyele</a> (Bakola) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedzan_people">Bedzan</a>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Here are a few photos from past field trips to collect A00 samples in Cameroon:</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "lato" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "lato" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"><b>Links to past fundraisers, where you can learn much more about the </b><b style="color: black; font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.gofundme.com/a00-cameroon" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">A00 Cameroon Research Project</span></a></b><b> and goals:</b></span></span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: lato, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /></b><a href="https://experiment.com/projects/y-dna-a00-and-the-peoples-of-cameroon-in-search-of-the-homeland" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: pointer; font-family: lato, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;"></a><a class="txt1" href="https://experiment.com/projects/y-dna-a00-and-the-peoples-of-cameroon-in-search-of-the-homeland" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: pointer; font-family: lato, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">https://experiment.com/projects/y-dna-a00-and-the-peoples-of-cameroon-in-search-of-the-homeland</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "lato" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: lato, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: lato, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><a href="https://experiment.com/projects/which-of-cameroon-s-peoples-have-members-of-haplogroup-a00" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: pointer; font-family: lato, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;"></a><a class="txt1" href="https://experiment.com/projects/which-of-cameroon-s-peoples-have-members-of-haplogroup-a00" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: pointer; font-family: lato, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">https://experiment.com/projects/which-of-cameroon-s-peoples-have-members-of-haplogroup-a00</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "lato" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: lato, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: lato, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" /><a href="https://experiment.com/projects/go-west-young-man-in-search-of-the-a00-haplogroup-among-peoples-of-western-cameroon" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: pointer; font-family: lato, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;"></a><a class="txt1" href="https://experiment.com/projects/go-west-young-man-in-search-of-the-a00-haplogroup-among-peoples-of-western-cameroon" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; cursor: pointer; font-family: lato, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">https://experiment.com/projects/go-west-young-man-in-search-of-the-a00-haplogroup-among-peoples-of-western-cameroon</a></span><br />
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TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-82404506371449881702017-01-13T15:58:00.005-08:002017-01-14T09:56:02.766-08:00New 23andMe Ancestry Timeline ToolI logged in to my <a href="http://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> account today and learned of a new [BETA] tool has been added to our ancestry reports. Described as an <a href="https://permalinks.23andme.com/pdf/23-14_admixture_date_estimator.pdf" style="font-weight: bold;">Admixture Date Estimator</a> and aptly titled, "Your Ancestry Timeline," the feature estimates when your ancestor with 100% of a singular ethnicity (ie West African) might have existed. Notably this is the second such feature that has been added to our Ancestry Reports; the first was the ability to download our Ancestry Composition "ethnicity" segment data (see blogs by <a href="http://blog.kittycooper.com/2016/12/ancestry-composition-numbers-by-segment-at-23andme-com/">Kitty Munson Cooper</a> and <a href="https://dna-explained.com/2016/12/23/23andmes-new-ancestry-composition-ethnicity-chromosome-segments/">Roberta Estes</a>). At present it's unclear if <a href="http://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> has rolled out "Your Ancestry Timeline" to all customers. I will tell you my opinion at the close of this short blog but let met introduce you to the feature first:<br />
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<b>(1)</b> After you log into into your <a href="http://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a> account, click on your Ancestry Reports and then Ancestry Composition. Next scroll down and (if you have it) you will see "Your Ancestry Timeline" located right under your "Ancestry Composition" results. At the top of the feature you will see a horizontal list of circled numbers, which represents a generation. Immediately below this are corresponding dates at 30-year intervals (30 years = 1 generation) and presumably driven by the birth date you listed on your 23andme account --- for me <b><span style="color: blue;">Generation 1</span></b> starts at <b><span style="color: blue;">1940</span></b> and goes back to <span style="color: blue;"><b>Generation 8(+)</b></span> at the year <span style="color: blue;"><b>1700</b></span>. Below this you will see colorful modules, each one representing an ethnicity component present in your Ancestry Composition results --- each module is of a different length based upon the time and generation range your proposed ancestor with 100% of a certain admixture (ie West African) might have actually existed. It looks like this:<br />
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<b>(2) </b>Next click on any of the ethnicity modules, a pop-up box will open showing the probable time when your ancestor with 100% of a singular admixture lived. I clicked on the <span style="color: red;"><b>RED</b></span> module "<span style="color: red;"><b>West African</b></span>" as seen here:</div>
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The pop-up box shows: <b>"You most likely had a parent, grandparent or great-grandparent who was 100% African. This person was likely born between 1880 and 1940." </b></div>
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<b>(3) </b>To learn how the new feature works, you should (<span style="color: red;"><b>actually MUST</b></span>) click on the blue link <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">"<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">Learn more about how to interpret this result"</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;"> </span></span></b>(located underneath the feature's ethnicity tabs)</span><span style="color: #3595d6; font-family: "avenir next" , "helvetica" , "roboto" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">. </span></span> It includes a link to the 23andMe <b><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://permalinks.23andme.com/pdf/23-14_admixture_date_estimator.pdf">Admixture Date Estimator White Paper</a> </span></b>which goes into the "logic" and "science" behind the new feature. The blue link reveals the following information: </div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">My Opinion</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I like the 23andMe new Admixture Date Estimator ("Your Ancestry Timeline") feature because I use these sort of statistical inheritance predictions when I analyze people's ethnicity admixture results. However my immediate impression is a lot of people will be confused and misinterpreting the information. To this point, the <span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://permalinks.23andme.com/pdf/23-14_admixture_date_estimator.pdf">Admixture Date Estimator White Paper</a> </span>states the<span style="color: blue; font-weight: bold;"> </span>feature will "enable customers to find out, for each of the ancestries they carry, when they
may have had an ancestor in their genealogy who was likely to be a
non-admixed representative of that population." This is because genetic inheritance is much more complicated and ... well there has been very few ethnically "pure" or non-admixed populations in modern history. The population structure of most ethnic groups includes ancestry from "outside" groups. Also based on random genetic recombination we inherit any of our parents admixture in DNA chunks of varying sizes, with some of those DNA chunks remaining intact over several generations. This is problematic because the feature assumes a singular admixture component from one ancestor/ancestral event. <b><span style="color: red;">Further note this estimator does not include your X-chromosome(s) in its calculations. </span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now I'm African-American, which means my admixture profile is going to be complex and colorful. I know that my West African admixture @ 78% comes from both of my parents and all of my grandparents in various amounts; this new feature automatically assumes my West African inheritance comes just one parent. In fact I descend from numerous indigenous populations living in western and other African subregions that entered my bloodline at different times and places in my genetic history. Further my results were phased with a parent and I've received "West African" from both of them in varying amounts. Therefore it is highly unlikely I had "a parent, grandparent or great-grandparent who was 100% West African that was born between 1880 and 1940." Or what if like me, you have Malagasy ancestry and you show a small Southeast Asian percentage @ 0.9%? Well Malagasy populations have been admixed with Asian and African for thousands of years so even if this Southeast Asian came one predicted ancestor he or she may not have been 100% Southeast Asian for a very long time. And what if you have Southeast Asian ancestry from both parents? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Buried in the <a href="https://permalinks.23andme.com/pdf/23-14_admixture_date_estimator.pdf">white paper</a> (which most customers won't bother reading) states, "The admixture date provided is based on the ancestry segments estimated by Ancestry Composition, and is, consequently, dependent on their accuracy and specificity for accurate date estimation. Any genealogical history or ancestries that are not well captured by Ancestry Composition estimates may result in poor admixture date estimation, which typically results in older estimated dates of admixture. Secondly, the admixture date is based on all segments of a particular ancestry. If multiple genealogical ancestors contributed independently, the admixture date may reflect these multiple ancestors in a complex way. If many segments, from independent ancestors, recombine to form longer segments, the estimated admixture date may be shifted towards a more recent date. This is especially likely in the case when segments cover over 50% of a genome. On the other hand, if many older genealogical ancestors contribute discrete, shorter segments, the estimated admixture date may be pushed back, reflecting a weighted average over the multiple ancestors’ generations. Lastly, it is important to note that the inheritance of segments in one genome from a genealogical ancestor is a highly stochastic process, resulting in overlapping inheritance patterns that are not distinguishable the further back in time you go, even under otherwise ideal conditions. Thus, some amount of uncertainty is inherent in the data, so we present admixture date results in bins that allow for some of this inherent randomness." </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In my optimistic opinion these admixture date predictions may work better with people from more homogenous populations ("West Africa" is not one of them), or with smaller distinguished admixture amounts (ie Native American) that can be attributed to one ancestor (ie Choctaw grandmother) or ancestral couple. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Of course I'd much rather 23andMe work on improving/updating its Ancestry Composition (West Africa is a much too broad category) and Haplogroup predictions, including the build platform; restoring our ability to see the chromosome paintings of the people we're sharing with; implementing an in-house family tree utility, as well as expanding its fantastic In Common With/triangulation tool to include all of our DNA relatives. I would also like to see an ethnicity element added to 23andMe's chromosome browser/mapper tool where customers can see the location, size and </span><u style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">ethnicity(s)</span></b></u><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> of the shared segments displayed. </span></div>
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TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-92108834694077916642016-12-20T10:10:00.001-08:002016-12-25T08:42:26.714-08:00Interpreting Your Ethnicity Admixture Results (Amerindian) <div>
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<span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;"><b>Yes, we know that our ethnicity admixture estimates should be used casually, not causally, and is conversation-starter fodder best reserved for social events. We're reminded the best use of our DNA results (autosomal DNA) is synergistically utilizing them with our genealogies to build our family pedigrees, to connect with our genetic relatives and to trace our roots. But the truth is some of us are seriously hung over on our ethnicity admixture estimates and have found them useful. <br /><br /> If</b></span><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;"><b> you're one of <i>those people </i>who<i> </i>loves to imbibe ethnicity admixture cocktails, like any other intoxicator you should at least enjoy them responsibly. </b></span><b style="font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;">In this blog I'm going to explain how you should be interpreting your ethnicity admixture results when trying to determine what they <i>could</i> mean. Essentially my goal is to get beginner and intermediate genetic genealogists to think more like population geneticists ("5% of my DNA is similar to British Isles populations...") rather than genealogy astrologers ("I have 5% Irish in me..."). Therefore I've adapted these <span style="color: blue;">10 lessons</span> from my inaugural <a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/2016/10/admixture-centrifuge-cherokee-dna.html"><span style="color: blue;">Admixture Centrifuge blog</span></a> and your questions over the years for quick reference.(<span style="color: red;">NOTE</span>: Although these lessons focus on Native American admixture you <u><i><span style="color: red;">can substitute</span></i> <i><span style="color: red;">any ethnicity</span></i></u> here as the principles of interpretation remain the same.) Enjoy and <span style="color: red;">SHARE:</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(1)</span> You can't use your ethnicity admixture results for tribal enrollment or recognition, to obtain a tribal card or make any beneficiary claims to a Native American ethnic group or tribe</b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>. </b>In fact Native Americans in the US and Canada have never used genealogical DNA tests for enrollment criteria or ethnic identity.<b> </b>Even the Bureau of Indian Affairs does not use genealogical DNA testing for its federal recognition process.<b> </b>Instead Native American tribes rely on genealogical paper trails and with US-government recognized tribes, valid documentation and their own "adoption" procedures. Sometimes organized tribes will use traditional paternity tests if the issue of parentage comes up with a child who may belong to a tribal member. However one useful way to use genealogical DNA testing is to search for genetic relative matches with proven ties to a specific Native American tribe and with whom you share Native American admixture (see my blog on <a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/2015/05/ethnicity-chromosome-mapping.html"><span style="color: blue;">Ethnicity Chromosome Mapping</span></a>). You may be able to trace your Native American ancestry through these genetic relatives. However you would still have to provide reasonable documentation, and other </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">genealogical or </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">acceptable proof. Of course this doesn't help if tribal enrollment is closed </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">or if you don't meet certain Blood Quantum laws or other enrollment requirements, including ancestral, ethnic, cultural, genealogical linguistic, national and social ties to the tribe. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(2)</span> Your ethnicity admixture results can’t identify a specific tribe or ethnic group from which you descend or originate. </b>Your ethnicity admixture results are just estimates of your genomic similarity to specially chosen reference populations. These estimates are derived by comparing your selected Ancestry Informative Markers (known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism"><span style="color: blue;">SNP</span></a>s) to those found in the specially chosen reference populations. DNA testing companies essentially organize these reference populations into clusters and assign them an ethnicity label, which may not fully reflect the reference population's inherited genetic admixture or how they ethnically identify. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">And more often the same or similar reference populations may be organized and categorized differently from one DNA company to the next = what may be Amazonian at one company may be labelled Native American at another. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Further your Native American percentages may be affected by the admixture calculator's Native American categories and reference samples utilized (or lack thereof) for those categories.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Since most major DNA companies use a handful of available Amerindian populations — mostly from Central and South America — to represent their Native American admixture categories, there is no way possible for the DNA test to show what tribe you actually descend from based on such limited data. Some of the chosen reference populations also share substantial ancestry with reference populations labelled something else. Another point is your genetic similarity to these reference populations is determined by looking at very small amounts of SNPs that could be prevalent in many Native American and other ethnic groups, thus making it difficult to identify the specific common genetic ancestor, ancestral couple or ethnic group. The hard truth here is your ethnicity admixture results <b><i><span style="color: blue;">won't</span></i></b> represent what's in you nor will they identify your specific ethnic origins, but they will show how similar your ancestry informative markers are to reference population datasets. <u><span style="color: blue;"><b>If you take time to actually read the "fine print" about ethnicity admixture estimates that DNA companies provide,</b></span></u> they will tell you as much; </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">for example AncestryDNA says: "</span><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #36322d; font-size: 16px;">Please note that genetic ethnicity estimates are based on individuals living in this region today. While a prediction of genetic ethnicity from this region suggests a connection to the groups occupying this location, it is not conclusive evidence of membership to any particular tribe or ethnic group."<i> So infer if you must but never conclude. </i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(3) </span>Native American admixture won't be represented by Middle Eastern, Jewish, West Asian, South Asian, African or European admixture on a reputable admixture test with an adequate reference population dataset and genomic maker coverage. </b>Harvard chemist<b> </b>Dr. Doug McDonald says, "If people see that they have this Middle Eastern percentage they are sometimes trying to find explanations in their recent ancestry. They think that the Middle Eastern component might represent Jewish ancestry, Native American ancestry, Moorish ancestry, etc, whereas in reality this is mostly not the case at all, if the rest is Orcadian/Irish." Dr. McDonald continues, "Native American is listed as just that. It is quite uncommon for it to be listed in error … except for genuine people from Siberia and Saami. Mideast won’t represent American! But it does mean something!"… But it certainly won't be an</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> indication of a Native American ancestor. Since these DNA tests only look back about 500 years, if your test shows similarity to Middle Eastern, Jewish, West Asian, South Asian, African or European admixture it most likely comes from a post-Christopher Columbus event or may represent another component of an ancestor who was not of Native American descent. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(4) </span><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws">Blood Quantum laws</a> </span></b><b style="color: black;">do not statistically correspond to inherited DNA from our direct ancestors.</b> Because of random <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_recombination"><span style="color: blue;">genetic recombination</span></a>, we inherit about 50% of our DNA from each parent. <u style="color: black;">But you don’t inherit each parent’s genetic admixture evenly</u> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19.2px;">— </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> for example, if your mother has 10% Native American DNA, this does not mean you will receive 5%; you and your siblings could get anywhere from 0% to 10%. And with your grandparents and preceding generations, the DNA you inherit from them [via your parents] is uneven so you most likely will not receive 25% of DNA equally from all four grandparents as suggested by Blood Quantum laws. In other words, you may get 30% of any part of grandparent #1 ... 20% of any part of grandparent #2 ... 23% of any part of grandparent #3 ... and 27% of any part of grandparent #4. So if your paternal grandmother is 1/4 Cherokee by Blood Quantum this does not mean she will show 25% Native American admixture if she were to test. And even then she may only pass 10% of her Native American admixture to your parent even if she was 30% by admixture. This also means if 1/4 Cherokee grandma has other admixture </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19.2px;">— </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ie African or European </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19.2px;">—</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> then she may pass more or less of the African or European to your parent.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><span style="color: blue;"><b>(5)</b> </span><b>You probably share</b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b> NO genetic relationship with ancient or modern </b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Native American reference populations utilized by DNA companies, Gedmatch's admixture calculators and accompanying Oracles population-fitting programs.</b> So if you see "Miwok" or "Lumbee" showing for you on Gedmatch Oracles, it doesn’t mean you are related to the Miwok or Lumbee tribes in any way unless purely coincidental. This also includes ancient DNA samples like Anzik Clovis child and Kennewick Man (see Estes <a href="https://dna-explained.com/2014/09/25/ancient-dna-matches-what-do-they-mean/"><span style="color: blue;">Ancient DNA Matches -- what do they mean</span></a>). And even if you were by rare chance related to the reference population sample, the matching ancestry markers may be too small to conclude a genetic relationship without additional proof. (I will note some DNA companies are exploring using our genetic relatives for reference populations but this is not in wide use yet.) In most cases certain Native American reference samples (usually academic) utilized on that particular test could be the most similar to your Native American ancestry even if not directly related. Another example, if you get a Native American percentage on a DNA test and see that "Mayan" is used as reference population, it does NOT mean that you or your ancestors are Mayan or from southern Mexico and Central America. In fact Mayan is often used as an umbrella term to describe indigenous populations from Mexico and Central America, and in terms of ethnicity admixture tests as a generic proxy for all Native Americans. Dr. Doug McDonald says, “Mayan is the usual listing for any Native American north of Panama, through all of Mexico, and east of the Rockies in the USA and Canada." As a final related point, just because you match someone with a significant amount of Native American admixture, or that has a Native American haplogroup or whom identifies with a tribe <u>does NOT mean you share Native American ancestors with them </u>even if they are from the same region as your ancestors or have similar genealogical information</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(6) </span>On ethnicity admixture calculators with sub-regional Native American categories (ie Mesoamerican, North Amerindian, South Amerindian), your DNA percentages may show in some or all of those sub-regional categories depending on the admixture test, reference population samples and methodologies utilized.</b> The reason why you might show percentages to several Native American sub-categories, including such related categories as Siberian or Asian, is because on a macro-level indigenous peoples of the Americas are generally more similar to each other than to non-indigenous populations (ie Europeans, Africans). To note when comparing Amerindians to Siberians, the North Amerindians tend to show higher similarity to Siberians than Central/South Amerindians. [S</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ee the composition range of ancestral population components of Native Americans in this </span><a href="http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-digest-2012-12-01.pdf" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">DNA Tribes Digest Article</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">.] </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In most cases a showing of Native American DNA percentages in these more specific or related Native American sub-categories means there is good possibility of a Native American ancestor in your past. <i>Nothing more.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><b><span style="color: blue;">(7) </span>The reason why a DNA test using only minimum Native American reference datasets can pick up your Native American admixture is because Amerindian populations show a lower genetic diversity to each other than populations from other continental regions</b>. In other words on a continental level,</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Native American populations are<b> (a) </b>more alike to each other than to non-Native American populations, and <b>(b)</b> are distinctive enough to be identified as a indigenous American from non-Native American populations. This is probably best explained with ancient genomes of the Kennewick Man and Clovis Anzik-1 (aka Clovis child), both of which purports to have more "ethnic purity" than modern Native populations. According to <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7561/full/nature14625.html">Rasmussen et al</a>,“When we compare Kennewick Man with the worldwide panel of populations, a clear genetic similarity to Native Americans is observed both in principal components analysis (PCA) and using f3-outgroup statistics....In particular, we can reject the hypothesis that Kennewick Man is more closely related to Ainu or Polynesians than he is to Native Americans....Model-based clustering using ADMIXTURE24 shows that Kennewick Man has ancestry proportions most similar to those of other Northern Native Americans, especially the Colville, Ojibwa, and Algonquin. Considering the Americas only, f3-outgroup and D-statistic based analyses show that Kennewick Man, like the Anzick-1 child, shares a high degree of ancestry with Native Americans from Central and South America, and that Kennewick Man also groups with geographically close tribes including the Colville ...".<br /><br /><b><span style="color: blue;">(8) </span></b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Contrarily just because</b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b> Native Americans are similar to each other on a continental or genome-wide level does not mean that all Native Americans are genetically alike on more granular genomic level</b>. Per <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7561/full/nature14625.html">Rasmussen et al</a>: “Despite this similarity, Anzick-1 and Kennewick Man have dissimilar genetic affinities to contemporary Native Americans. In particular, we find that Anzick-1 is more closely related to Central/Southern Native Americans than is Kennewick Man....The pattern observed in Kennewick Man is mirrored in the Colville, who also show a high affinity with Southern populations...but are most closely related to a neighbouring population in the data set.... This is in contrast to other populations such as the Chipewyan, who are more closely related to Northern Native Americans rather than to Central/Southern Native Americans in all comparisons.” With modern indigenous American populations, according to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14614755">Bolnik et al,</a> "Although populations from the same geographic region usually exhibit similar haplogroup frequency distributions ... those from the Southeast instead exhibit haplogroup frequency distributions that differ significantly from one another. Such divergent haplogroup frequency distributions are unexpected for the Muskogean-speaking southeastern populations, which share many sociocultural traits, speak closely related languages, and have experienced extensive admixture both with each other and with other eastern North American populations. Independent origins, genetic isolation from other Native American populations due to matrilocality, differential admixture, or a genetic bottleneck could be responsible for this heterogeneous distribution of haplogroup frequencies."</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , "clean" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.994px;"> </span><br />
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: normal;"><b>(9)</b> </span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-style: normal;">Modern Native American populations from different ethnic groups can be admixed with each other, as well as with modern Europeans, Africans and Asians</b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: normal;">. Prior to Christopher Columbus's arrival some Native American tribes were nomadic and may have moved around because of climate, environment and the availability of food and shelter. Native American tribes also had conflicts with each other, captured and enslaved each other (though not to extent of chattel slavery introduced by Europeans), as well as cohabited with and married outside of the tribe like most other human populations. There were also large cities like Cahokia, which was located in present-day Missouri. According to Wikipedia, it was the largest and most influential urban settlement of the Mississippian culture which existed more than 1000 years before European contact. Since Cohokia was described as a cosmopolitan city, we can reason it was a melting pot of Native American diversity and most likely they mixed with each other. After European colonizers arrived, Native Americans were forced from their lands and killed off, often causing different tribes to absorb other tribes, in addition to mixing with Europeans and Africans. </span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7561/full/nature14625.html" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-style: normal;">Rasmussen et al</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> explains: “Due to high levels of recent admixture in many Native American populations, we masked European ancestry from the Native Americans. No masking was done on the Kennewick Man [<i>because there was no need to</i>]."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(10)</span> Admixture percentages below 2% should NOT be dismissed outright as statistical noise.</b> Notably the thresholds created for admixture percentages below 2% are essentially someone’s opinion based on what percentage is high enough to be genetically relevant. And let's face it most of you are fascinated with your trace admixture. Of course, smaller admixture percentages invariably means your Native American ancestry is very distant or virtually washed out by your generation. Scientific studies certainly discuss admixture percentages below 2%. For example a <a href="http://www.cell.com/ajhg/abstract/S0002-9297(14)00476-5">Bryc et al</a> study using 23andMe customer data finds that African-Americans have an average of <span style="color: red;"><b>0.8%</b></span> Native American admixture and “more than 5% of African Americans are estimated to carry at least <b><span style="color: red;">2%</span></b> Native American ancestry genome-wide … With a lower threshold of <b><span style="color: red;">1%</span></b> Native American ancestry, we estimate that about 22% of African Americans carry some Native American ancestry ….” The point here is the lower percentages of Native American admixture discussed in the study are legitimate, and in this instance influenced by historic events (ie Indian Removals, which disrupted continuous gene-flow between Native Americans and African-Americans). In other instances a small admixture percentage may indicate one single DNA segment of your chromosome, which could be quite lengthy depending on location and chromosome. For example my 23andMe Ancestry Composition shows <b><span style="color: red;">0.6%</span></b>(+/-) ethnicity similarity to Ashkenazi Jewish — this admixture is represented by one long segment on my chromosome 9. <u>Yet I will warn that smaller admixture percentages should not be accepted lightly as legitimate</u>, and therefore you MUST apply additional tests to determine legitimacy. This is because such trace admixture has a higher chance of being incorrectly assigned or misattributed an ethnicity label; OR it’s the closest fit for a population missing from the reference population samples offered by the test, OR it shows because you have ancestry from a population sharing genetic ancestral linkages with another population. As a general precaution you must make sure your trace Native American percentage shows in a consistent range — and at most conservative confidence levels — with a number of reliable personal genome services (ie <span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.23andme.com/"><span style="color: blue;">23andMe</span></a>, <a href="http://home.ancestry.com/"><span style="color: blue;">AncestryDNA</span></a>, <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/"><span style="color: blue;">FamilyTreeDNA</span></a></span>) and admixture utilities (<a href="http://gedmatch.com/">Gedmatch.com</a>, <a href="http://dna.land/">DNA.Land</a>). </span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">One legitimacy test is <b>TRIANGULATION </b>— </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">comparing yourself, your parent(s), other close relatives’ DNA segment(s) assigned “Native American” TO other genetic matches and their parents DNA segments assigned “Native American” </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">— </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> if ALL OF YOU match each other on that particular Native American segment(s) then it’s likely you all share a common Native American ancestor /ancestral couple, and thus making it more likely the Native American admixture is real. [See</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><a href="http://thegeneticgenealogist.com/2016/06/19/a-triangulation-intervention/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Blaine Bettinger's Triangulation Intervention</a> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">and <a href="http://thegeneticgenealogist.com/2016/11/21/visual-phasing-an-example-part-1-of-5/"><span style="color: blue;">Visual Phasing</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">]. </span></li>
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Another legitimacy test is</span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> PHASING</b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> — </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">if you and your parent(s) take a DNA test (preferably with the same service), then you’ll be able confirm whether you inherited Native American ancestry from one or both parents, which also increases the odds your trace admixture is legit</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> [see <a href="https://dna-explained.com/2016/04/06/concepts-parental-phasing/">Roberta Estes's Parental Phasing</a>]. </span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Furthermore, testing your grandparents, aunts/uncles, etc. may reveal higher amounts of Native American admixture and uncover Haplogroups exclusively found in indigenous populations, all of which may help legitimize your trace amount of Native American admixture. If you were expecting admixture that wasn't there, you may have to accept the fact that it is absence (see my blog<a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/2015/03/native-american-dna-is-just-not-that.html"> <span style="color: blue;">Native American Admixture Is Just Not Into You</span></a>). </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ultimately only you can decide if your trace ancestries are worthy of pursuit.</span></div>
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</style>TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2010859453749706440.post-378949422609602322016-10-03T16:59:00.002-07:002016-12-20T10:08:32.876-08:00Admixture Centrifuge: Cherokee DNA<i><span style="font-family: "courier new" , "courier" , monospace;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(</span><span style="color: blue;">Read about Admixture Centrifuge blog series and Submission Requirements <a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/p/welcome-to-my-new-conceptual-blog.html">here</a>.)</span></b></span></i><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZuyuK9RzcoUJXAM6XYJn18gyetP1aszxT2Ui1LMlHYaxbYMmb8ICTmbCj7VnU2I5KSja-Ze3-nN9mNBvBD1AfeqVpob5YoNb1VwBW3dgFInjPntxn7_I3phewfvq3tR3UR_nW-nsDrRw/s1600/14550503_10157648362175235_143818072_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="520" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZuyuK9RzcoUJXAM6XYJn18gyetP1aszxT2Ui1LMlHYaxbYMmb8ICTmbCj7VnU2I5KSja-Ze3-nN9mNBvBD1AfeqVpob5YoNb1VwBW3dgFInjPntxn7_I3phewfvq3tR3UR_nW-nsDrRw/s640/14550503_10157648362175235_143818072_o.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px; text-align: left;">Bijon Levels Hughes (left) and highway marker showing his 6th-great-grandfather Chief Drowning Bear Yonaguska (1759–1839), first chief of the Eastern Band of Cherokee during Indian Removals aka Trail of Tears. </i><i><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.32px; text-align: left;">Highway marker is located on </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.94px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;">US 19 northeast of Bryson City, North Carolina.</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; line-height: 19.32px;"><b>INTRODUCTION: </b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i style="font-weight: bold;">Osiyo </i>("hello"). If I had an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Head_cent"><span style="color: blue;">Indian Head cent</span></a><span style="color: blue;"> </span>or<span style="color: blue;"> </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_nickel" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">buffalo nickel</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">for every person claiming a connection to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee"><span style="color: blue;">Cherokee </span></a>tribe, I'd be filthy rich. It's more sought after than even the ubiquitous lust for any Native American heritage at all. Of course I see nothing wrong with it if you honestly believe you have Cherokee heritage. And with over 300,000 members the federally recognized Cherokee Nation certainly seems plausible for many seekers. However, the majority of people just can't find that connection to the Cherokee or any other tribe (and you can read my blog <a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/2015/03/native-american-dna-is-just-not-that.html"><span style="color: blue;">Native American Is Not That Into You</span></a> to explore reasons why). There's also no shortage of dissenters ready to lynch you for daring to make such claims </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19.2px;">—</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> I call dissenters belonging to Amerindian tribes members of the collective <i>Ku Klux clan </i>and non-Amerindian ones the <i>Radical Anti-Indian </i></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Terrorists</i>.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Luckily there are instances when someone is unequivocally Cherokee by "blood</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">." </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I came across such a bona fide Cherokee descendant in my Facebook group </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/1514942452068475/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;"> Native American Ancestry Explorer</span></a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. This person was not interested in joining the Cherokee tribe (he was already a member) nor trying to prove if he was Native American (he already knew). So for my inaugural <a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/p/welcome-to-my-new-conceptual-blog.html"><span style="color: blue;">Admixture Centrifuge</span></a> series, this allowed me the perfect opportunity to examine how the Cherokee's Native American component breaks down on ethnicity admixture calculators. I also wanted to know if my client's admixture results </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">could tell us anything about the Cherokee's ancient origins <i>vis a vis </i>did they migrate from Great Lakes region of US/Canada or had they been in the American Southeast for millenniums?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><b>Meet </b><span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">Bijon Levels Hughes</span> (aka "client"). First I'd like to bid an immense <i><b>Wado </b></i>("thank you") to my client for agreeing to participate. Bijon gave me expressed permission to publish all of the information provided in this blog. My client is Cherokee and African-American. To note Bijon does not descend from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy#The_Cherokee_Freedmen"><span style="color: blue;">Cherokee Freedman</span></a> but is a progeny of Cherokee chiefdom. However since claiming Cherokee roots is so controversial I decided to preface my client's analysis with <b>brief</b> genealogical records of his claim but this blog focuses more on genetic admixture. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; line-height: 19.32px;"><b>CLIENT INQUIRY:</b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i> "My 6th-great-grandfather is Chief Yonaguska aka Drowning Bear (1759–1839). He was the first chief of the Eastern Band Cherokee during the trail of tears when the Cherokees where sent into Oklahoma. He led a band of Cherokees to stay in there homeland in present-day North Carolina. He refused to leave. I am 1/4 Eastern Band Cherokee. I received 20 plus percent of Native American DNA on my AncestryDNA results which wasn't a surprise being that my grandmother was 15/16 and 1/16 European. I have family records through the Baker Rolls where it kept blood quantum of Native Americans. My mother is African-American but we have a mix of European and a lot of mulatto ancestors." </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Client submissions: </span></b>AncestryDNA results; Gedmatch results (DodeCad World9 with chromosome painting, MDLP World22, MDLP K23, Eurogenes K13, Eurogene K36, HarappaWorld); DNA.Land results, and selected genealogical records.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Since my client has living Cherokee-descended relatives, I will not mention their names or other identifying information. For brevity purposes I will only concentrate on his direct Cherokee ancestors through his 6th-great-grandfather Chief Yonaguska aka Drowning Bear.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;"><i>CHEROKEE PEDIGREE: </i></span></b></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> My client's paternal grandmother was <b><span style="color: red;">Mary Katherine Sherrill</span></b> (1940 -2000), who was 15/16 Cherokee by Blood Quantum. Mary's mother (and my client's great-grandmother) was <b>Dinah Sherrill </b>(1915-1947). And Dinah's mother (and my client's 2nd-great-grandmother) was <b>Mollie Ma-lih Tramper</b> (1882-1942); she was fully Cherokee by Blood Quantum. Ma-lih's husband (and my client's 2nd-great-grandfather) was <b>John Ute G Sherrill</b>; he was 3/4 Native American and 1/4 European by Blood Quantum (not shown: John's father and my client's 3rd-great-grandfather was <b>Andy Nute Oo-Ha-Sih Sherrill)</b>:</span></li>
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Mollie Ma-lih Tramper</b></span>'s (1882-1942) mother (and my client's 3rd-great-grandmother) was <b>Aggie G. Littlejohn</b> (1854-1884). Aggie's parents (and my clients 4th-great-grandparents) were <b>Kai Lo n k Littlejohn</b> (1826-1881) and <b>Eliza Bird </b>(1841-1883). Kai's parents (and my client's 5th-great-grandparents) were <b>Littlejohn </b>(1806-1882; full name unknown) and <b>Jinney Drowning Bear </b>(1808-1882). Eliza's parents (and my client's 5th-great-grandparents) were <b>C. Walkingstick</b> (1815-UNK) and <b>A-no-hi </b>(1845-1883): </span></li>
</ul>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuqdIKyWdgypSb2UoSgnKUjvnaGm3mK8CuIYxRDuru_DyLT9R7IZdI0R8TQnYuSEWn73LtNzk-djGCuDDjhhP3JMWdmZT7Va3rFFmCmdue50JfOEdgiuDDKzxG_F_jfaUH4wDk2vVa5qA/s1600/14348754_10157561861820235_489038786_n+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuqdIKyWdgypSb2UoSgnKUjvnaGm3mK8CuIYxRDuru_DyLT9R7IZdI0R8TQnYuSEWn73LtNzk-djGCuDDjhhP3JMWdmZT7Va3rFFmCmdue50JfOEdgiuDDKzxG_F_jfaUH4wDk2vVa5qA/s640/14348754_10157561861820235_489038786_n+%25281%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: red;">Jinney Drowning Bear</span></b>'s parents (and my client's 6th-great-grandparents) was <b><span style="color: blue;">Chief Drowning Bear Yonaguska</span></b> (1759-1839) and <b>Ni-Gu-Da-Yi</b> (1766 -1884). Chief Yonaguska's parents (and my client's 7th-great-grandparents) were <b>Chief Yon A Big Bear </b>(1740-UNK) and <b>Jency</b> (1730-UNK; full name unknown). Ni-Gu-Da-Yi's parents (and my client's 7th-great-grandparents) were <b>Chief Doublehead</b> (1744-1807) and <b>Creat Priber</b> (1737-1807):</span></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY-SIYWpsMkEmLKnve3vTYQBy-5W0dRqQYHkDcem6H96RRSQ4HhYMSUeGen-rd-zK3Ukct9yZ5h4i3rrBt_umlqyrdOv89-Gbm6KBVD8BJN61orDvuvYRja1PTqLpgcRJZVjALFm-itsY/s1600/14383387_10157561862135235_596705348_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY-SIYWpsMkEmLKnve3vTYQBy-5W0dRqQYHkDcem6H96RRSQ4HhYMSUeGen-rd-zK3Ukct9yZ5h4i3rrBt_umlqyrdOv89-Gbm6KBVD8BJN61orDvuvYRja1PTqLpgcRJZVjALFm-itsY/s640/14383387_10157561862135235_596705348_n.jpg" width="588" /></a></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: red;">Chief Doublehead</span></b>'s father (and my client's 8th-great-grandfather) was <b>Willenawah Corntassel </b>(1702-1788) but Chief Doublehead's mother is not identified. Willenawah's father (and my client's 9th-great-grandfather) was <b>K Corntassel </b>(1670-UNK) but Willenawah's mother is unknown. Creat Priber's parents (and my client's 8th-great-grandparents) were <b>Christian G. Priber</b> (1696-1745) and <span style="color: red;"><b>Clogoittah Motoy</b> </span>(1706-1790). And Clogoittah Motoy's parents (and my client's 9th-great-grandparents) were <b>Agonuisti-Rainmaker</b> (1687-17610) and <b>Aganunitsi A G Quatie </b>(1686-1730):</span></li>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><i>GENEALOGICAL RECORDS & OTHER PROOF:</i></b></span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Here's my client's 2nd-grandparents </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">John Ute Sherrill </b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">and </span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Mollie </b><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Tramper's </b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Cherokee enrollment documentation</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">:</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: #f6f7f9; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMV2IfR4VAzEJjAZkxVyizfB7Rz5uiGb0uX1_QuW-K7XZmvzZKNmdHeunrbABJ3Px57PYXjmBrSlInB34RDPb-VrnZG-VQ4rngXBCYw2mmn5FNHVe1Ss8SFFPQ7CY0KTllasOJfHTFEy8/s1600/13327498_10157087040840235_4252711527132775004_n.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMV2IfR4VAzEJjAZkxVyizfB7Rz5uiGb0uX1_QuW-K7XZmvzZKNmdHeunrbABJ3Px57PYXjmBrSlInB34RDPb-VrnZG-VQ4rngXBCYw2mmn5FNHVe1Ss8SFFPQ7CY0KTllasOJfHTFEy8/s640/13327498_10157087040840235_4252711527132775004_n.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Here's the 1924 Baker Roll for my client's great-grandmother <b>Dinah Sherrill </b>and his 2nd-grandparents <b>John Ute Sherrill</b> and <b>Mollie Tramper</b>. They lived in Paint Town, Jackson Co, NC, site of the Eastern Cherokee Reservation. Notice how the Baker Roll includes Blood Quantum amounts (ie 3/4, 7/8):</span></li>
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A User Home Page Book showing the descendants of <b>Chief Drowning Bear Yonaguska.</b> Notice my clients's descendants are listed on both the Miller and Hester rolls. My client's great-great grandparents Molly Tramper and John Ute Sherrill among others, are also listed here:</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #4b4f56; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15.36px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="background-color: #f6f7f9; color: #1d2129; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.08px; white-space: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtgkKkpgu4iPeSWuiJJfJyAPsJgc4rGO056ln82tliw59Q32sNg8-cpY0QB6U6343o25g2Fyg-1qL3uqPzsvJmuOtv9sE2HAgfyF_xO2NjVfStlmyF_j2SaOEc8l6cyrsR1QM5Dc51BlA/s1600/13575589_10157202628135235_899874536_o.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtgkKkpgu4iPeSWuiJJfJyAPsJgc4rGO056ln82tliw59Q32sNg8-cpY0QB6U6343o25g2Fyg-1qL3uqPzsvJmuOtv9sE2HAgfyF_xO2NjVfStlmyF_j2SaOEc8l6cyrsR1QM5Dc51BlA/s640/13575589_10157202628135235_899874536_o.jpg" width="387" /></a></span></span></div>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; line-height: 17.94px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Here's a document showing my client's 7th-great-grandfather <b>Chief Big Bear:</b></span></span></li>
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<span style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #4b4f56; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15.36px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY-OO66RBjaQPLououKopDdxf7c7HlO1d47HrtFBciVr971_o2CfCnJEAp4dkwAQUkNSy1rrL3YLzEoTSJuy_B8f96U32y_4n_UgvrqriyxeK0lkBR-GWqrgx7O8SkJIbj1nrZwJC-te4/s1600/14389065_10157561888500235_2140173413_n+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; white-space: normal;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY-OO66RBjaQPLououKopDdxf7c7HlO1d47HrtFBciVr971_o2CfCnJEAp4dkwAQUkNSy1rrL3YLzEoTSJuy_B8f96U32y_4n_UgvrqriyxeK0lkBR-GWqrgx7O8SkJIbj1nrZwJC-te4/s640/14389065_10157561888500235_2140173413_n+%25281%2529.jpg" width="512" /></a></div>
<ul><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<li>Here's a photo of my client's 4th-great-granduncle <b>Falling Blossom</b>. He's also the uncle of my client's 3rd-great-grandfather <b>John Ute Sherrill</b>:</li>
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<ul><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<li>Chapman Roll record showing the parentage of my client's 4th-great-grandfathe <b>Andy Nute Oo-Ha-Sih Sherrill, </b>who was the brother of <b>Falling Blossom</b>:</li>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>
<span style="font-size: large;">GENETIC ADMIXTURE ANALYSIS:</span></b></span></div>
<span style="color: red; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>[Be sure to check out the <i><u>NOTES ON MY ADMIXTURE INTERPRETATION </u></i>section immediately following my analysis]</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><i>GENETIC ADMIXTURE INTERPRETATION:<span style="background-color: #fefefe; color: #4b4f56; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15.36px; text-align: left; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></i></b></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">AncestryDNA Ethnicity Estimate of Bijon Levels Huges</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Now on to your impressive story and DNA results. You told us your 6th-great-grandfather was Chief Yonaguska aka Drowning Bear (1759–1839), “who was first chief of the Eastern Band Cherokee during the Trail of Tears. When the Cherokees where sent into Oklahoma he led a band of Cherokees to stay in there homeland in present-day North Carolina. He refused to leave.” You also told us your grandmother, a descendant of Chief Drowning Bear, was 15/16 Cherokee by Blood Quantum. Well based on your <b>AncestryDNA Ethnicity Estimates </b>(pictured above), I would believe your family story. This is because you show up to 23%(+/-) Native American DNA on your AncestryDNA results, This fits perfectly with YOU having at least one “full-blooded” Native American grandparent. In other words one of your grandparents had significant amounts of Native American DNA and we know the source Mollie Tramper. In many instances we can have Native American admixture from multiple events and from both parents so it's very possible your African-American mother AND your African-American paternal grandfather to have contributed Native American admixture to your bloodline as well. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Add to your Native American admixture total the Asia Central @ 2%(+/-). To note I've often observed Central Asian admixture in AncestryDNA results from people claiming Cherokee and other Eastern US Amerindian ancestry. The small Asia East @ < 1% may be related to your Native American too, or it could some sort of separate Asian event (like from Madagascar).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Your robust African DNA is 67%(+/-), indicating at least one of your parents is more African-American and the other Afro-Amerindian. Your African affinity seems to manifest in several of AncestryDNA's subcontinental ethnicity categories, but I will call your attention to your African Southeastern Bantu @ 5%(+/-) and Polynesian @ < 1%(+). I believe this admixture could be a sign of Malagasy ancestry that is completely separate from your Native American admixture. In addition, the small Austronesian, Papuan, and Southeast Asian showing on various Gedmatch calculators is probably related to your proposed Malagasy ancestry from one of your parent's African ancestors. I would also speculate your higher balance of African admixture and much lower European is somewhat characteristic of some African-Americans from the South. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Your European percentage @ 9% indeed is lower than the typical African-Americans; they usually average about 17% to </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">24% European (see </span><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/12/genetic-study-reveals-surprising-ancestry-many-americans" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">23andMe study</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">), and this is why I suspect your African ancestors had much less contact with Europeans even if they were from different regions. Most surprisingly there is very little to no Iberian and Italian affinity on your DNA test results so I’m even more inclined to believe you have Cherokee ancestry vs. Latin Amerindian. Some people would look at your AncestryDNA Ethnicity Estimate and automatically think you must be Latino or Hispanic based on your 23%(+/-) Native American percentage; they would blame it on the unreliability of the test or under-reported history of Europeans in Latin American regions. Yet your AncestryDNA ethnicity admixture estimates paint an entirely different picture. It is not Hispanic or Latin American in origin. Further your European admixture seems to cluster closer to the British Isles, with Ireland affinity at the top. We know the Irish and British mixed extensively with the Cherokee although the British Isles affinity may also represent continental European ancestors as well. As you suggested, your European is likely to come from both parents and included some mulatto ancestors but not many based on your overall European percentage. The African is much more prevalent. </span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Below is your <b style="color: blue;">Gedmatch Dodecad World9 chromosome painting </b>so we can see your admixture distributed on your chromosomes; at this time </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">AncestryDNA does not provide one. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A chromosome painting displays your genetic admixture locations on your chromosomes 1 through 22 and X-chromosome. (Note the X-chromosome is not utilized by the Gedmatch paintings.) Your Amerindian segments (red color) is found on all of your chromosomes, sometimes in large unbroken segments. This represents a close direct relative with significant amounts of Native American DNA like your paternal grandmother. The Native American segments are adjacent to African (brown color) segments indicating recent ancestors of African descent who mixed with recent Amerindian ancestors. To note this is unlike many typical Hispanic and Latin American profiles with similar Native American percentages, as their segments are usually more choppy and widespread, which indicates very old and continuous gene-flow from Native American ancestors. </span></li>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Gedmatch Dodecad World9 chromosome painting</i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I also took a closer look at your Gedmatch results specifically to see how your Native American DNA of Cherokee origins would play out on the admixture calculators. Well the my recommended calculators (MDLP World 22, Dodecad World9, MDLP K23b, Eurogenes K13, Eurogene K36, & HarappaWorld) consistently show you have percentages in all of Native American categories per calculator, especially from the Mesoamerican region (when used as a category). Your next highest, but very distant, Native American-related ethnicity admixture component is Siberian, and you have very low affinity to East Asia. For example on the MDLP World-22 calculator with respect to Native American categories, your strongest similarity is to Mesoamerican @ 10%, followed by North Amerindian @ 7.30%, South Amerindian @ 2.63%, and Arctic American @ 0.44%. And then your Siberian affinities are East Siberian @ 1.27%, North Siberian @ 0.37%, and Paleo Siberian @ 0.15%. Your showing of strong Amerindian from Mesoamerica and North Amerindian with lower affinity to South Amerindian and Arctic Amerindian seems to be typical of American Indians from Eastern US, north of South Carolina. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">It's also clear based on your Gedmatch results that your Native American admixture is more similar to eastern Siberians vastly more than it is to East Asian (Chinese, Japanese, Koreans). Scientific studies have demonstrated that all Native Americans share ancestral populations with Siberians but the Siberian component gets lower, sometimes to 0%, in tribes the further south you go from Arctic North America (see </span><a href="http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-digest-2012-12-01.pdf" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">DNA Tribes digest article</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">). </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In other words, this fits well with what you would expect with someone from the Cherokee tribe. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>I was also curious about what my client's DNA results could tell us about Cherokee's ancestral origins.</b> Let me first warn here that my client's lone admixture results are grossly insufficient to form any conclusions. Yet his results could fit with one of the theories about the Cherokee's beginnings. According to Wikipedia there are two main theories of Cherokee origins:</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> One is that the Cherokee, an Iroquoian-speaking people, are relative latecomers to Southern Appalachia, and may have migrated in late prehistoric times from northern areas, the traditional territory of the Haudenosaunee nations and other Iroquoian-speaking peoples. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Another theory is that the Cherokee had been in the Southeast for thousands of years. </span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Based on your admixture results, and the high probability the Cherokee historically mixed with other tribes, it is inconclusive </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">if they migrated from the North like other Iroquoian populations, noting they belong to the Iroquoian linguistic family, or if they have origins inthe South like other ancient Mississippian populations (ie Choctaw, Creek), who belong to Muskogean language family. Or both. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">This also means that on a more granular level tribes such as Cherokee may be very similar to tribes </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">with ancestral roots in northwestern US (ie Tuscarora, Mohawk) and</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Southeast US (ie Catawba, Creek), but can be distinguished from say a tribe from South America (ie Karitiana) and Central America (ie Xinca). I will note again that people with Muskogean roots can show higher affinity to South Amerindians and Central Amerindians on ethnicity admixture tests. I</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">f I had to bet I would say the Cherokee have an older Great Lakes region origin and then later intermixed with Southeast US tribes. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Here's a closer look at my client's Gedmatch calculators results:</b></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Gedmatch MDLP World-22 </span>(below)</b> is my favorite calculator because of the Native American categories. However people with high amounts of Native American usually show percentages in all of the Native American and related categories. Sometimes a higher showing in South-Americ_Amerind than say North_Amerind may indicate your Native Americans origins may be from Latin American source. Here your Native American is Mesoamerican @ 10%, Arctic-Amerind @ 0.44%, South-America-Amerind 2.63%, North-Amerind @ 7.30%. To a lesser extent your Native American is picked up in related admixture North-Siberian @ 1.27%, East Siberian @ 1.27%, and Paleo-Siberian @ 0.15%. </span></li>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Gedmatch MDLP World-22</i></td></tr>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;"><span style="color: blue;">Gedmatch Dodecad World9</span> (below)</b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. According to chemist/geneticist Dr. Doug McDonald this calculator is one of the best for picking up continental-level admixture and is on par with 23andMe.com Ancestry Composition, the gold standard for detecting Native American admixture. To an extent,continental-level admixture is more reliable than sub-continental admixture, which tends to get convoluted. Here my client's Native American shows @ 18.76% and related Siberian @ 3.43%. The East Asian and Australasian is most likely separate.</span></li>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Gedmatch Dodecad World9</i></td></tr>
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Gedmatch MDLP Kb23 </span>(below)</b>. The calculator seems to measure both current and ancient admixture. Here the Amerindian is similarly 18.36% and add in the East Siberian @ 0.17% and possibly the Tungus Altaic @ 1.66% and Ancestral Altaic @ 1.90%, with the latter two being roughly equivalent to his Central Asian seen on my client's AncestryDNA results. Notably there is no Paleo-Siberian but this is often seen in higher amounts n people with Arctic or North American roots (think Inuit). Then the Australoid @ 0.11%, Austronesian @ 0.52%, might be related to separate Malagasy admixture, especially if we add the East African @ 1.48% . </span></li>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Gedmatch MDLP K23</i></td></tr>
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Gedmatch Eurogenes K13 </span>(below)</b>. The calculator creator David F. Severski says this one gets it right for most multi-ethnic people and is usually very generous with Amerindian admixture percentages, which consistently shows here @ 18.33%. Add to this the Siberian @ 3.09% and small East Asian possibly at 0.78%. </span></li>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Gedmatch Eurogenes K13</i></td></tr>
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Gedmatch HarappaWorld </span>(below)</b>. This calculator is usually geared toward people of South Asian descent. Here the Amerindian is @ 17.87%, but the Beringian (Arctic and North Amerindian) is 1.92%, Siberian 1.67% and lower Northeast Asian (ie Yakut, Koryak) @ 0.50% ... The small Southeast Asian @ 0.52% and Papuan @ 0.77% may represent a Malagasy ancestor from one the client's African-American grandparents. </span></li>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX53gQV1cdi8oPaf-QSknCr4qYLgjO8aJGsLNWx0-k5q0a8vI-0lkcfK7N1Pyh19MrEqaxaXCFPopGzIeofTsBdFaqo8E9T9t_ySTA1tyXetQc4R1eUtovDJsxbb2hxB70u4CzwDGQE4w/s1600/13474120_10157161444220235_1366285315_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="548" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX53gQV1cdi8oPaf-QSknCr4qYLgjO8aJGsLNWx0-k5q0a8vI-0lkcfK7N1Pyh19MrEqaxaXCFPopGzIeofTsBdFaqo8E9T9t_ySTA1tyXetQc4R1eUtovDJsxbb2hxB70u4CzwDGQE4w/s640/13474120_10157161444220235_1366285315_n.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Gedmatch HarappaWorld</i></td></tr>
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">Gedmatch Eurogenes K36 </span>(below)</b>. The calculator creator David F. Severski says this one is more unreliable due to using 36 reference population clusters so the results become more convoluted and wonky because there are too many overlapping categories for the algorithm to make proper distinctions. As a result, I use this calculator as a sort of conservative view of admixture results. As you can see the Amerindian percentage is lower here at 16.65%, with the rest being picked up as Siberian 3.34% and East-Central Asian @ 1.49%. </span></li>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Gedmatch Eurogens K36</i></td></tr>
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<li><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">On <a href="https://dna.land/"><span style="color: blue;"><b>DNA.Land</b></span> </a>(below), a free DNA utility aimed at crowdsourcing genomic data, you are assigned 21% Native American and most likely includes the Siberian @ 2.4% and possibly all of the East Asian @ 3.9% (Siberian + Ambiguous 1.4%). This puts your Native American affinity from a more northern source (ie Carolinas and due north and west to Great Lakes region). People who claim Muskogean and Latin Amerindian ancestry usually show more Amazonian. Note: This utility utilizes a large amount of imputed data so may not be as consistent with other admixture tools.</span></li>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuTt6E-A3hP5uEYRSePOXG3yLPw-5DAlUx19l89r-R7RnwYoVMVAP_fsrjmvA0EtHmKgV5GdzDkG3vc5DXZQNMHHAUY1fU4HGonX5Se4NMv_WuddmNmhcDfm21G6Y8coXgPLBPpcOWTF4/s1600/13460858_10157161457385235_527842341_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: times; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuTt6E-A3hP5uEYRSePOXG3yLPw-5DAlUx19l89r-R7RnwYoVMVAP_fsrjmvA0EtHmKgV5GdzDkG3vc5DXZQNMHHAUY1fU4HGonX5Se4NMv_WuddmNmhcDfm21G6Y8coXgPLBPpcOWTF4/s640/13460858_10157161457385235_527842341_o.jpg" width="410" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>DNA.Land Admixture Estimate</i></td></tr>
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<span class="s1"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In the near future, I hope you are able to take a full mitochondrial sequence and Y-DNA tests to learn more about your haplogroup assignments. I recommend testing at 23andMe and FamilyTreeDNA, as well as testing your parents. I also look forward to learning more about your genetic relatives who also may be Cherokee. Again thank you for sharing your results and Cherokee story with me. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 16px;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><b>U ne la nv hi u da do li s di </b>(Blessing of God)</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: bold;"><i>NOTES ON MY ADMIXTURE INTERPRETATION:</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><span style="color: blue;">(1)</span> You can't use your ethnicity admixture results for tribal enrollment or recognition, to obtain a tribal card or make any beneficiary claims to a Native American ethnic group or tribe</b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>. </b>In fact Native Americans in the US and Canada have never used genealogical DNA tests for enrollment criteria or ethnic identity.<b> </b>Even the Bureau of Indian Affairs does not use genealogical DNA testing for its federal recognition process.<b> </b>Instead Native American tribes rely on genealogical paper trails and with US-government recognized tribes, valid documentation and their own "adoption" procedures. Sometimes organized tribes will use traditional paternity tests if the issue of parentage comes up with a child who may belong to a tribal member. However one useful way to use genealogical DNA testing is to search for genetic relative matches with proven ties to a specific Native American tribe and with whom you share Native American admixture. You may be able to trace your Native American ancestry through these genetic relatives. However you would still have to provide reasonable documentation, and other </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">genealogical or </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">acceptable proof. Of course this doesn't help if tribal enrollment is closed </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">or if you don't meet certain Blood Quantum laws or other enrollment requirements, including ancestral, ethnic, cultural, genealogical linguistic, national and social ties. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(2)</span> Your ethnicity admixture results can’t identify a specific tribe or ethnic group from which you descend or originate. </b>Your ethnicity admixture results are just estimates of your genomic similarity to specially chosen reference populations. These estimates are derived by comparing your selected Ancestry Informative Markers (known as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism"><span style="color: blue;">SNP</span></a>s) to those found in the specially chosen reference populations. DNA testing companies essentially organize these reference populations into clusters and assign them an ethnicity label, which may not fully reflect how the reference population identifies ethnically. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Furthermore your Native American percentages may be affected by the admixture calculator's Native American categories and reference samples utilized (or lack thereof) for those categories.</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Since most major DNA companies use only a handful of available Amerindian populations — mostly from Central and South America — to represent their Native American admixture categories, there is no way possible for the DNA test to show what tribe you actually descend from based on such limited data. Some populations also share ancestry with neighboring populations too. As such your genetic similarity to these reference populations is determined by looking at very small amounts of SNPs that could be prevalent in most Native American and other ethnic groups, and thus making it difficult to identify the specific common genetic ancestor, ancestral couple or ethnic group.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(3) </span>Native American admixture won't be represented by Middle Eastern, Jewish, West Asian, South Asian, African or European admixture on a reputable admixture test with an adequate reference population dataset and genomic maker coverage. </b>Harvard chemist<b> </b>Dr. Doug McDonald says, "If people see that they have this Middle Eastern percentage they are sometimes trying to find explanations in their recent ancestry. They think that the Middle Eastern component might represent Jewish ancestry, Native American ancestry, Moorish ancestry, etc, whereas in reality this is mostly not the case at all, if the rest is Orcadian/Irish." Dr. McDonald continues, "Native American is listed as just that. It is quite uncommon for it to be listed in error … except for genuine people from Siberia and Saami. Mideast won’t represent American! But it does mean something!"… But it certainly won't be an</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> indication of a Native American ancestor. Since these DNA tests only look back about 500 years, if your test shows similarity to Middle Eastern, Jewish, West Asian, South Asian, African or European admixture it most likely comes from a post-Christopher Columbus event. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(4) </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws">Blood Quantum laws</a> do not statistically correspond to inherited DNA from our direct ancestors.</b> Because of random <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_recombination">genetic recombination</a>, we inherit about 50% of our DNA from each parent. <u>But you don’t inherit each parent’s genetic admixture evenly</u> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19.2px;">— </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> for example, if your mother has 10% Native American DNA, this does not mean you will receive 5%; you and your siblings could get anywhere from 0% to 10%. And with your grandparents and preceding generations, the DNA you inherit from them [via your parents] is uneven so you most likely will not receive 25% of DNA equally from all four grandparents as suggested by Blood Quantum laws. In other words, you may get 30% of any part of grandparent #1 ... 20% of any part of grandparent #2 ... 23% of any part of grandparent #3 ... and 27% of any part of grandparent #4. So if your paternal grandmother is 1/4 Cherokee by Blood Quantum this does not mean she will show 25% Native American admixture if she were to test. And even then she may only pass 10% of her Native American admixture to your parent even if she was 30% by admixture. This also means if 1/4 Cherokee grandma has other admixture </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19.2px;">— </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ie African or European </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19.2px;">—</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> then she may pass more or less of the African or European to your parent.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><span style="color: blue;"><b>(5)</b> </span><b>You probably share</b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b> NO genetic relationship with ancient or modern </b></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Native American reference populations utilized by DNA companies, Gedmatch's admixture calculators and accompanying Oracles population-fitting programs.</b> So if you see "Miwok" or "Lumbee" showing for you on Gedmatch Oracles, it doesn’t mean you are related to the Miwok or Lumbee tribes in any way unless purely coincidental. This also includes ancient DNA samples like Anzik Clovis child and Kennewick Man (see Estes <a href="https://dna-explained.com/2014/09/25/ancient-dna-matches-what-do-they-mean/">Ancient DNA Matches -- what do they mean</a>). And even if you were by rare chance related to the reference population sample, the matching ancestry markers may be too small to conclude a genetic relationship without additional proof. (I will note some DNA companies are exploring using our genetic relatives for reference populations but this is not in wide use yet.) In most cases certain Native American reference samples (usually academic) utilized on that particular test could be the most similar to your Native American ancestry even if not directly related. Another example, if you get a Native American percentage on a DNA test and see that "Mayan" is used as reference population, it does NOT mean that you or your ancestors are Mayan or from southern Mexico and Central America. In fact Mayan is often used as an umbrella term to describe indigenous populations from Mexico and Central America, and in terms of ethnicity admixture tests as a generic proxy for all Native Americans. Dr. Doug McDonald says, “Mayan is the usual listing for any Native American north of Panama, through all of Mexico, and east of the Rockies in the USA and Canada." As a final related point, just because you match someone with a significant amount of Native American admixture, or that has a Native American haplogroup or whom identifies with a tribe <u>does NOT mean you share Native American ancestors with them </u>even if they are from the same region as your ancestors or have similar genealogical information (see </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">my blog </span><a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/2015/05/ethnicity-chromosome-mapping.html" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Ethnicity Chromosome Mapping</a><span style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(6) </span>On ethnicity admixture calculators with sub-regional Native American categories (ie Mesoamerican, North Amerindian, South Amerindian), your DNA percentages may show in some or all of those sub-regional categories depending on the admixture test, reference population samples and methodologies utilized.</b> Of course this may not indicate where your specific Native American origins are from. The reason why you might show percentages to several Native American sub-categories, including such related categories as Siberian or Asian, is because on a macro-level indigenous peoples of the Americas are generally more similar to each other than to non-indigenous populations (ie Europeans, Africans). To note when comparing Amerindians to Siberians, the North Amerindians tend to show higher similarity to Siberians than Central/South Amerindians. In most cases a showing of Native American DNA percentages in these more specific or related Native American sub-categories means there is good possibility of a Native American ancestor in your past. Nothing more.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><b><span style="color: blue;">(7) </span>The reason why a DNA test using only minimum Native American reference samples can pick up your Native American admixture is because Amerindian populations show a lower genetic diversity to each other than populations from other continental regions</b>. In other words on a continental level,</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Native American populations are<b> (a) </b>more alike to each other than to non-Native American populations, and <b>(b)</b> are distinctive enough to be identified as a indigenous American from non-Native American populations</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. This is probably best explained with ancient genomes of the Kennewick Man and Clovis Anzik-1 (aka Clovis child), both of which purports to have more "ethnic purity" than modern Native populations. According to <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7561/full/nature14625.html">Rasmussen et al</a>,“When we compare Kennewick Man with the worldwide panel of populations, a clear genetic similarity to Native Americans is observed both in principal components analysis (PCA) and using f3-outgroup statistics....In particular, we can reject the hypothesis that Kennewick Man is more closely related to Ainu or Polynesians than he is to Native Americans....Model-based clustering using ADMIXTURE24 shows that Kennewick Man has ancestry proportions most similar to those of other Northern Native Americans, especially the Colville, Ojibwa, and Algonquin. Considering the Americas only, f3-outgroup and D-statistic based analyses show that Kennewick Man, like the Anzick-1 child, shares a high degree of ancestry with Native Americans from Central and South America, and that Kennewick Man also groups with geographically close tribes including the Colville ...".<br /><br /><b><span style="color: blue;">(8) </span><span style="color: blue;">However just b</span>ecause Native Americans are similar to each other on a continental or genome-wide level does not mean that all Native Americans are genetically alike on more granular genomic level</b>. Per <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7561/full/nature14625.html">Rasmussen et al</a>: “Despite this similarity, Anzick-1 and Kennewick Man have dissimilar genetic affinities to contemporary Native Americans. In particular, we find that Anzick-1 is more closely related to Central/Southern Native Americans than is Kennewick Man....The pattern observed in Kennewick Man is mirrored in the Colville, who also show a high affinity with Southern populations...but are most closely related to a neighbouring population in the data set.... This is in contrast to other populations such as the Chipewyan, who are more closely related to Northern Native Americans rather than to Central/Southern Native Americans in all comparisons.” With modern indigenous American populations, according to <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14614755">Bolnik et al,</a> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">"Although populations from the same geographic region usually exhibit similar haplogroup frequency distributions ... those from the Southeast instead exhibit haplogroup frequency distributions that differ significantly from one another. Such divergent haplogroup frequency distributions are unexpected for the Muskogean-speaking southeastern populations, which share many sociocultural traits, speak closely related languages, and have experienced extensive admixture both with each other and with other eastern North American populations. Independent origins, genetic isolation from other Native American populations due to matrilocality, differential admixture, or a genetic bottleneck could be responsible for this heterogeneous distribution of haplogroup frequencies."</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , "clean" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.994px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Also see the composition range of ancestral population components in Native Americans in this <a href="http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-digest-2012-12-01.pdf">DNA Tribes study</a>.</span><br />
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>(9)</b> </span><b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Modern Native American populations from different ethnic groups can be admixed with each other, as well as with modern Europeans, Africans and Asians</b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. Prior to Christopher Columbus's arrival some Native American tribes were nomadic and may have moved around because of climate, environment and the availability of food and shelter. Native American tribes also had conflicts with each other, captured and enslaved each other (though not to extent of chattel slavery introduced by Europeans), as well as cohabitated and married outside of the tribe like most other humans. There were also large cities like Cahokia, which was located in present-day Missouri. According to Wikipedia, it was the largest and most influential urban settlement of the Mississippian culture which existed more than 1000 years before European contact. Since Cohokia was described as a cosmopolitan city, we can reason it was a melting pot of Native American diversity and most likely they mixed with each other. After European colonizers arrived, Native Americans were forced from their lands and killed off, often causing different tribes to absorb other tribes, in addition to mixing with Europeans and Africans. </span><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7561/full/nature14625.html" style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif;">Rasmussen et al</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> explains: “Due to high levels of recent admixture in many Native American populations, we masked European ancestry from the Native Americans. No masking was done on the Kennewick Man [because there was no need to]."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;">(10)</span> Admixture percentages below 2% should NOT be dismissed outright as statistical noise.</b> Notably the thresholds created for admixture percentages below 2% are essentially someone’s opinion based on what percentage is high enough to be genetically relevant. Of course, smaller admixture percentages invariably means your Native American ancestry is very distant or virtually washed out by your generation. Scientific studies certainly discuss admixture percentages below 2%. For example a <a href="http://www.cell.com/ajhg/abstract/S0002-9297(14)00476-5">Bryc et al</a> study using 23andMe customer data finds that African-Americans have an average of <span style="color: red;"><b>0.8%</b></span> Native American admixture and “more than 5% of African Americans are estimated to carry at least <b><span style="color: red;">2%</span></b> Native American ancestry genome-wide … With a lower threshold of <b><span style="color: red;">1%</span></b> Native American ancestry, we estimate that about 22% of African Americans carry some Native American ancestry ….” The point here is the lower percentages of Native American admixture discussed in the study are legitimate, and in this instance influenced by historic events (ie Indian Removals, which disrupted continuous gene-flow between Native Americans and African-Americans). In other instances a small admixture percentage may indicate one single DNA segment of your chromosome, which could be quite lengthy depending on location and chromosome. For example my 23andMe Ancestry Composition shows <b><span style="color: red;">0.6%</span></b>(+/-) ethnicity similarity to Ashkenazi Jewish — this admixture is represented by one long segment on my chromosome 9. <u>Yet I will warn that smaller admixture percentages should not be accepted lightly as legitimate</u>, and therefore you MUST apply additional tests to determine legitimacy. This is because such trace admixture has a higher chance of being incorrectly assigned or misattributed an ethnicity label; OR it’s the closest fit for a population missing from the reference population samples offered by the test, OR it shows because you have ancestry from a population sharing genetic ancestral linkages with another population. As a general precaution you must make sure your trace Native American percentage shows in a consistent range — and at most conservative confidence levels — with a number of reliable personal genome services (ie <a href="https://www.23andme.com/">23andMe</a>, <a href="http://home.ancestry.com/">AncestryDNA</a>, <a href="https://www.familytreedna.com/">FamilyTreeDNA</a>) and admixture utilities (<a href="http://gedmatch.com/">Gedmatch.com</a>, <a href="http://dna.land/">DNA.Land</a>). One legitimacy test is <b>TRIANGULATION </b>— </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">comparing yourself, your parent(s), other close relatives’ DNA segment(s) assigned “Native American” TO other genetic matches and their parents DNA segments assigned “Native American” </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">— </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> if ALL OF YOU match each other on that particular Native American segment(s) then it’s likely you all share a common Native American ancestor /ancestral couple, and thus making it more likely the Native American admixture is real. [See</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><a href="http://thegeneticgenealogist.com/2016/06/19/a-triangulation-intervention/" style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Blaine Bettinger's Triangulation Intervention</a> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">and <a href="http://thegeneticgenealogist.com/2016/11/21/visual-phasing-an-example-part-1-of-5/">Visual Phasing</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">]. Another legitimacy test is</span><b style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> PHASING</b><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"> — </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">if you and your parent(s) take a DNA test (preferably with the same service), then you’ll be able confirm whether you inherited Native American ancestry from one or both parents, which also increases the odds your trace admixture is legit</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> [see <a href="https://dna-explained.com/2016/04/06/concepts-parental-phasing/">Roberta Estes's Parental Phasing</a>]. </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Furthermore, testing your grandparents, aunts/uncles, etc. may reveal higher amounts of Native American admixture and uncover Haplogroups exclusively found in indigenous populations, all of which may help legitimize your trace amount of Native American admixture. If you were expecting admixture that wasn't there, you may have to accept the fact that it is absence (see my blog<a href="http://www.rootsandrecombinantdna.com/2015/03/native-american-dna-is-just-not-that.html"> <span style="color: blue;">Native American Admixture Is Just Not Into You</span></a>). </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Ultimately only you can decide if your trace ancestries are worthy of pursuit.</span></div>
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TL Dixonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14229718012489889741noreply@blogger.com11